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cociter manual
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cociter manual
All public documents can be downloaded instantaneously, all dimmed links are available depending on your personal settings. Please contact Power Diagnostix if you do not find what you are looking for. It automatically captures the selected text, its Internet address, its title and date of adding to the database. The program even allows you to assign your own comments and place it to a specified folder. This will be added to Web Data Extractors white paper. We tackle your challenges with an approach based on the shared values of humanity, authenticity and responsibility. Find out what progress you are making towards transition and learn what we have already done for other clients. What can be done about it. Innovation is vitally needed, but can it be green innovation. You want to change, but where do you start? How can you ensure a fruitful dialogue with your communities. How do you communicate about your progressive, sustainable activities? How can you help your partners understand the meaning of your commitments. How do you become credible actors of change? Join us there! In partnership with The Shift, Springtime has published a guide on what a junior can do to motivate their management to take more sustainable action. Request your free copy! Cociter also focuses on following the principles of collaborative management. It’s a safe bet! Will you do the same. Automated literature mining tools provide an attractive, alternative approach. We review how they can be employed for the interpretation of gene expression profiling experiments. La-dessus, nous sommes (quasiment) tous d’accord. Notre modele de societe a montre ses limites. Cette crise a mis en lumiere la fragilite de notre systeme economique, notre dependance par rapport au marche globalise, l’absurdite d’une consommation lowcost. En a peine deux mois, l’edifice a vacille.
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Why Cogitum Co-Citer. How to use Co-Citer. Press Room User Manual Download and Installation Instruction License Agreement How to Get Business License Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Troubleshooting Guide Contact Us It automatically captures the selected text, its Internet address, its title and date of adding to the database. The Cogitum Co-Citer screenshot Once a text has been grabbed, you can. Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from major publishers. Start Free Trial Cancel anytime. Report this Document Download Now Save Save A a a a a a A For Later 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) 1 views 5 pages Manual De Cociter: Cargando el programa Original Title: A a a a a a A Uploaded by Pedro De La Cruz Espinoza Description: Full description Save Save A a a a a a A For Later 0% 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download Now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 5 Search inside document Browse Books Site Directory Site Language: English Change Language English Change Language. Report this Document Download Now Save Save A a a a a a A For Later 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) 0 views 5 pages Manual De Cociter: Cargando el programa Original Title: A a a a a a A Uploaded by Pedro De La Cruz Espinoza Description: Full description Save Save A a a a a a A For Later 0% 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download Now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 5 Search inside document Browse Books Site Directory Site Language: English Change Language English Change Language. Furthermore we post here software updates, manuals, data sheets and other files for registered customers. Please register to get full access!
Systematic validation by automated literature and data mining provides strong additional support for our predictions. Thus, these predictions serve as a valuable resource that would be useful for the broad biological community. Finally, we have built a user-friendly, interactive web portal to enable users to navigate this mouse cell network atlas. Graphical Abstract In Brief Suo et al.They predict essential regulators for all major cell types in mouse and develop an interactive web portal for query and visualization. INTRODUCTION A multi-cellular organism contains diverse cell types; each has its own functions and morphology. While it is clear the maintenance of cell identity involves the coordinated action of many regulators, transcription factors (TFs) have been long recognized to play a central role. In several cases, the activity of a small number of key TFs, also known as the master regulators, are essential for cell identity maintenance: depletion of these regulators cause significant alteration of cell identity, while forced expression of these regulators can effectively reprogram cells to a different cell type ( Han et al., 2012; Ieda et al., 2010; Riddell et al., 2014; Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006 ). However, for most cell types, the underlying gene regulatory circuitry is incompletely understood. With the increasing diversity of gene expression programs being identified through single-cell analysis, an urgent need is to understand how these programs are established during development, and to identify the key regulators responsible for such processes. Systematic approaches for mapping gene regulatory networks (GRNs) have been well established. The most direct approach is through genome-wide occupancy analysis, using experimental assays such as chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), chromatin accessibility, or long-range chromatin interaction assays ( ENCODE Project Consortium, 2012 ).
Et nombreux sont ceux qui se demandentPourtant aucun basculement significatif neEt prenons le temps deL’electricite n’est pas un produit dePour beaucoup d’entre nous,Comme si tous lesEt nous sommes encourages dans ce choix par laEt tant pis pour la provenance reelle des kWh et la qualite de laC’est le Comptoir citoyen des EnergiesSe fournir enUne societe de l’apres Covid. Renouvelables (APERe). Brussels School of Economics and Management (SBS-EM) de l’ULB. Si vous continuez a utiliser ce dernier, nous considererons que vous acceptez l'utilisation des cookies. This document is a user manual for using this package. Please check following document for usage and packages for your own analysis. Here, we take gene expression in normal, inflammation and cancerBIC-SKmeans clustering, to cluster the genes based on the expression. Then BIC-SKmeans clustering outputs the Kggfile. Below gives theEntrez gene IDs, and the second column is GROUP which is the clusterBGnetworkfile contains the background PPI networks formatted asEach row contains two genes of a NPNature methods)Exprfile, which outputs the predicted immune cell contents in differentThe second column is the label ofIf you do not need the immune cell deconvolution results, just skip thisUse following lines to run the script with Python command line prompt. Stored in detector.immuneCytokines. Copyright notice This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( ). The publisher's final edited version of this article is available free at Cell Rep See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. However, for most cell types, the regulatory mechanism underlying their identity remains poorly understood. By computational analysis of the recently published mouse cell atlas data, we have identified 202 regulons whose activities are highly variable across different cell types, and more importantly, predicted a small set of essential regulators for each major cell type in mouse.
Each group contains 20 cells. We applied SCENIC to infer regulons based on the group-averaged gene expression profiles, and the RAS scores were calculated at the single-cell level as in the original study ( Aibar et al., 2017 ). By testing its performance on several representative tissues, we found that our modified approach separated cell types more effectively compared to the original implementation ( Figure S1; see STAR Methods for details). Open in a separate window Figure 1. Mapping Mouse Cell Network Atlas with Regulon Activity (A) Schematic overview of the computational approach in this study. See also Figures S1 and S2 and Tables S1, S2, and S3. We focused on a representative, well-annotated subset of MCA data ( Han et al., 2018 ), containing 61,637 cells sampled from 43 tissues. Previous analysis has identified 98 main cell types ( Han et al., 2018 ). By applying the modified SCENIC approach described above, we identified 202 significant regulons containing 8,461 genes ( Table S1 ). For example, each of four main cell types identified in liver occupies a distinct territory in the t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) plot ( Figure 1C ). One question of interest is whether cells of the same type may have different regulatory circuitries across tissues. To address this question, we focused on stromal cells, which can be found in a wide variety of tissues, providing support, structural and anchoring functions. The behavior of stromal cells is well known to be highly plastic, a necessary property for supporting a diverse range of tissue development ( Lee et al., 2006 ). Indeed, we found that the stromal cells from different tissues tend to have distinct regulon activities ( Figure 1D ). While stromal cells are clustered together from the global view of t-SNE map, closer examination suggests the subpopulations from different tissues—such as uterus, mammary gland, bladder, and pancreas—are well separated.
However, this approach is not scalable to a large number of cell types, and its application is often limited by the number of cells that can be obtained in vivo. An alternative, more generalizable approach is to computationally reconstruct GRNs based on single-cell gene expression data ( Fiers et al., 2018 ), followed by more focused experimental validations. In this study, we took this latter approach to build a comprehensive mouse cell network atlas. To this end, we took advantage of the recently mapped mouse cell atlas (MCA) derived from comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic analysis ( Han et al., 2018 ), and combined with a computational algorithm to construct GRNs from single-cell transcriptomic data. Our analysis indicates that most cell types have distinct regulatory network structure and identifies regulators that are critical for cell identity. In addition, we provide an interactive web-based portal for exploring the mouse cell network atlas. RESULTS Reconstructing Gene Regulatory Networks Using the MCA To comprehensively reconstruct the gene regulatory networks for all major cell types, we applied the SCENIC pipeline ( Aibar et al., 2017 ) to analyze the MCA data. In brief, SCENIC links cis -regulatory sequence information together with single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data. SCENIC contains three main steps, including co-expression analysis, target gene motif enrichment analysis, and regulon activity evaluation. The main outcomes contain a list of regulons (each representing a TF along with a set of co-expressed and motif significantly enriched target genes), and the regulon activity scores (RAS) for each cell ( Figure 1A ). To improve computational efficiency and robustness, we modified the original pipeline to analyze pooled data instead. Specifically, we divided the entire cell population into small groups with similar cell states. This was achieved by random, non-overlapping sampling from the same tissue and cell type.
When mapping the average activity score of each module onto tSNE map, we found that each module occupies distinct region and all highlighted regions show complementary patterns ( Figure S3C ). Module M1 contains regulators Gata1, Tal1, and Lmo2, which are essential regulators for the erythroblast. Module M5 contains regulators that are specifically activated in testicular cells, such as Sox5 ( Kiselak et al., 2010 ) and Ovol2 ( Chizaki et al., 2012 ). Regulons in M6 are highly associated with the nervous system, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The activity of M7 including Mafb, Irf2, and Nfkb1 is specifically high in different immune cell types ( Valledor et al., 1998 ), such as macrophages, microglia, dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells. A closer examination of this cell type indicates that the regulon Rorc is specifically activated in this subtype. In contrast, the T cell subtypes that are associated with M7 have distinct regulon activities and reside in other tissues. For example, T cells from clusters 3 and 15 are mainly from mammary gland tissues. In these subtypes, the regulon Batf (contained in M7) has the highest specificity score. Open in a separate window Figure 3. Identification of Combinatorial Regulon Modules (A) Identified regulon modules based on regulon connection specificity index (CSI) matrix, along with representative transcription factors, corresponding binding motifs, and associated cell types. (B) Zoomed-in view of module M7 identifies sub-module structures. (C) Different sub-modules in M7 are associated with distinct immune cell types and regulon activities. See also Figure S3. We next focused on the largest module M7, which contains 48 regulons. This module is strongly associated with immune cell types. This is perhaps not surprising, considering the complexity of the mammalian immune system. Interestingly, each smaller module is specifically associated with distinct immune cell types ( Figure 3C ).
Mapping the MCA Network Using Cell-Type-Specific Regulatory Activity The full MCA dataset contains over 800 cell types ( Table S2 ). At this resolution, many cell types share similar gene expression patterns and their biological functions are likely to be less distinct. Our complete network analysis estimated the RAS and RSS ( Table S3 ) for all these cell types. We found that related cell types share similar overall network structure. The Sankey plot ( Figure 4B ) summarizes the relationship between cell types and their top associated regulon modules. For example, M1, M7, and M8, which are immune cell-type-related regulon modules ( Figure 3A ), are highly enriched in G1, whereas modules M2 and M3 (stromal cell-related modules) ( Figure 3A ) are highly enriched in G2. Open in a separate window Figure 4. A Summary View of the Mouse Cell Network Atlas (A) Relatedness network for the 818 cell types based on similarity of regulon activities. A Web-Based Resource for Interrogating Mouse Cell Network Atlas We created a web-based portal to enable users to easily navigate this predicted mouse cell network atlas ( ). The web interface provides both regulon-centric and cell-type centric views. The regulon-centric view represents the relationship between the 202 regulons; each edge connects a pair of regulons whose cell-type-specific activity scores are highly correlated. Similarly, the cell-type centric view represents the relationship between the cell types; each edge connects a pair of cell types that share similar regulon activity patterns. The user can choose between the 98 major cell types (that are analyzed here) and 818 cell types (from the whole MCA) versions. As an example, cumulus cells are a special cell type in the ovary whose function is not well characterized. To find information about this cell type, a user could simply enter “cumulus cell” in the search box to search for related cell types ( Figure 4C, Box 1).
Similar refined structure can be found in various other cell types, such as T cells and epithelial cells ( Figure S2C ). Taken together, regulon-based activity score in different cell types provides a new avenue to investigate the potential regulatory mechanism in inter- and intra-cell type variations. Our analysis indicates that GRN differences are primarily driven by cell type differences but further modulated by tissue environment differences. Comparative Analysis Identified Essential Regulators for the Maintenance of Cell Identity Our comprehensive network analysis provides an opportunity to systematically identify critical regulators for cell identity. For each regulon, we evaluated its activities associated with each of the 98 major cell types ( Table S3 ), and defined a regulon specificity score (RSS) based on Jensen-Shannon divergence ( Cabili et al., 2011 ) Table S3; see STAR Methods ). We then selected the regulons with highest RSS values and further examined their functional properties. To test whether this approach is effective, we started with the erythroblast because its core gene regulatory network has been well characterized ( Orkin and Zon, 2008 ). Our network analysis identified Lmo2, Gata1, and Tal1 (also known as SCL), as the most specific regulons associated with erythroblast ( Figure 2A ). The x axis represents different datasets, and the y axis represents the co-expression significance of target genes in each dataset. See also Figure S2 and Table S4. The success of our approach in recapitulating critical regulators for well-characterized cell types motivated us to repeat the analysis for all other 96 cell types. To systematically evaluate the accuracy of these predictions, we used two complementary approaches: SEEK ( Zhu et al., 2015 ) and CoCiter ( Qiao et al., 2013 ), based on mining the pubic datasets and literatures, respectively.
First, SEEK analysis was done to select datasets in which the TF and its target genes within a regulon are co-expressed. We queried the titles for public mouse datasets for enrichment of cell-type-specific terms, with the assumption that functionally related genes tend to be co-expressed in the corresponding cell types. Second, CoCiter analysis was done to identify enriched co-occurrence of a gene and cell type term pair in publication abstracts, with the assumption that functionally related genes and terms should frequently appear together in the literature. To test if the above two data-mining approaches are useful validation strategies, we applied each approach to test the regulators identified for erythroblast and B cells. For erythroblast, we applied SEEK analysis to search for GEO datasets in which the genes in regulon Lmo2 are significantly co-expressed. Therefore, we applied both approaches to evaluate the relevance of predicted essential regulators for other cell types, most of which are incompletely characterized. For example, oligodendrocytes are a type of neuroglia whose main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons in the CNS. While various factors have been implicated to play a role in oligodendrocyte development ( Zuchero and Barres, 2013 ), the most important regulators remain unknown. Approximately 15% of lung cells belong to alveolar type II (AT2), which has the important functions of synthesizing and secreting surfactant ( Mason, 2006 ). To systematically characterize the combinatorial patterns, we compared the atlas-wide similarity of RAS scores of every regulon pair based on the Connection Specificity Index (CSI) ( Fuxman Bass et al., 2013 ) (see STAR Methods ). For each module, we identified several representative regulators and cell types through their average activity scores ( Figure S3B ).
Selecting this cell type would generate two main outputs. The first output is a list of regulons ranked by the degree of RSS. The most specific regulons are Foxp1, Arh, and Vdr, although a number of additional regulons, such as Foxo1, have similar specificity ( Figure 4C, Box 3). The second output is a list of cell types with similar regulatory networks. Not surprisingly, its neighboring cell types include other cumulus cell subtypes identified by MCA. Of interest, granulosa cells, which are also called cumulus granulosa cells depending on location within the ovarian follicle, are also identified as its neighbors ( Figure 4C, Box 4). Thus, biomedical investigators can identify putative regulons that are likely important during mouse ovary and oocyte development. The web portal also provides a zoom function, which enables users to interactively explore the regulon and cell-type network structures at any desired resolution. In addition, the raw data are also downloadable from the web portal to support further investigation. DISCUSSION Our knowledge of cellular heterogeneity has exploded in the past few years. In comparison, for most of the cell types identified so far, we lack mechanistic understanding how their characteristic gene expression programs are established and maintained. Neither do we understand the developmental and functional relationship between different cell types. Such information is not just of fundamental biological interest, but also can guide developing novel cell reprogramming strategies with clinical implications. Building upon the recently mapped MCA ( Han et al., 2018 ), we have comprehensively constructed the GRNs for all major cell types in mouse through computational analysis. An important consequence is the predictions of critical regulators for each cell type. While most predictions remain hypotheses, they have provided a guide for future experimental investigation.
As such, we have created a valuable resource for the broad biologist community. Each regulon is then defined as a TF and its direct target genes; (3) the RAS in each single cell is calculated through the area under the recovery curve. The original implementation of SCENIC is not scalable to large datasets and its results can be significantly affected by sequencing depth. To improve the scalability or robustness, we modified its implimentation by pooling data from every 20 cells randomly selected within each cell type and tissue and then applying SCENIC to the average gene expression profile of the pooled data. This simple modification (referred to as Avg20) effectively increases the data quality as well as reduces the computational burden. We compared the performance of our modified approach with the original version of SCENIC by analyzing the MCA data from three representative tissues: bladder, kidney and bone marrow. For performance evaluation, we calculated the Silhouette value, which is a commonly used quantitative metric for clustering consistency. A high silhouette value indicates a high degree of separation among cell types; therefore, it provides a quantitative metric for functional relevance. For each tissue, the Avg20 approach was repeated three times to estimate the variability due to random sampling, and t test was used to evaluate whether the performance of Avg20 approach is better than that of using all single cells. The results are shown in Figure S1. The consistency between three replicates was evaluated by the following approaches. First, the overlap among the TFs of regulons was evaluated by Fisher’s exact test. Second, for each Avg20 replicate, we calculated the pairwise distance of single cells in each tissue based on their RAS and then calculated Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) to evaluate the agreement of different Avg20 replicates.
Next, we evaluate the Jensen-Shannon Divergence (JSD), which is a commonly used metric for quantifying the difference between two probability distributions, defined as. Finally, the regulon specificity score (RSS) is defined by converting JSD to a similarity score. We used the mouse version of SEEK to evaluate whether the genes in a regulon are co-expressed, and if so whether the datasets supporting the co-expression are associated with an interested cell type. If genes are significantly co-expressed in many datasets related to a certain cell type, it could be inferred that the function of this regulon is highly related to this cell type. Then we choose a p Qiao et al., 2013 ) is a text mining approach against the up-to-date Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) literature database to evaluate the co-citation impact (CI, log-transformed paper count) between a gene list and a term. Here we used the function “gene-term” in CoCiter (use default parameters but set organism as mouse, ) to check whether the genes in a regulon are significantly co-cited with a certain cell type in literatures. Regulon module analysis Regulon modules were identified based on the Connection Specificity Index (CSI) ( Fuxman Bass et al., 2013 ), which is a context-dependent measure for identifying specific associating partners. The evaluation of CSI involves two steps. First, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) of activity scores is evaluated for each pair of regulons. Next, for a fixed pair of regulons, A and B, the corresponding CSI is defined as the fraction of regulons whose PCC with A and B is lower than the PCC between A and B. Hierarchical clustering with Euclidean distance was performed based on CSI matrix to identify different regulon modules. The result was visualized by Cytoscape ( Shannon et al., 2003 ). We used the same strategy to identify submodules within M7.
For each regulon module, its activity score associated with a cell type is defined as the average of the activity scores of its regulon members in all cells within this cell type. Then the top ranked cell types are identified for each module. Quantifying cell type relationship Using the gene regulatory network analysis as a guide, we quantified the relationship between different cell-types based on the similarity of the overall regulon activities, which is quantified by the Spearman correlation coefficient. The results were represented as a network, where a pair of cell types were connected if the Spearman correlation coefficient is greater than 0.8. Again, the result was visualized by using Cytoscape. Groups of related cell-types were identified by using the Markov Clustering Algorithm (MCL) ( van Dongen and Abreu-Goodger, 2012 ), as implemented in the ClusterMaker application in Cytoscape. We used the default setting except setting the inflation parameter as 2. Web service We created an interactive, web-based portal to explore the network atlas in this study (URL: ). This interactive website is constructed with some of latest technologies including JavaScript libraries jQuery 3.3, Bootstrap 4, and Leaflet 1.3. Together these libraries provide efficient client-side search, zooming functions for the large cell type network. The site is hosted on an Apache web server running the Apache Tomcat which provides the necessary back-end support for the web server. Users can zoom-in on a part of network, mouse-over, click on a cell type in the network, and browse information about the associated regulons and other most similar cell types. The website also provides a complete, downloadable list of pairwise regulon-cell type associations. QUANTIFICATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Details of the statistical tests used in this study are described briefly in the main text and more in-depth in the subsections above.
They are also summarized below:It randomly selected 1000 gene sets with the same size of tested regulon and the p value was calculated as the number of times that co-citation impact of “random” larger than “true” divided by 1000. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES We created an interactive, web-based portal for community to explore the network atlas in this study. URL. This research was supported by a Claudia Barr Award and NIH (R01HL119099 to G.-C.Y.). Footnotes SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Supplemental Information includes four figures and four tables and can be found with this article online at. DECLARATION OF INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. The in vivo profile of transcription factors during neutrophil differentiation in human bone marrow. Blood. Open source clustering software. Bioinformatics. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature. Mapping gene regulatory networks from single-cell omics data. Brief. Funct. Genomics. Cell type transcriptome atlas for the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Science. Using networks to measure similarity between genes: association index selection. Nat. Methods. Oncotarget. Cell Stem Cell. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors. Cell. Biology of alveolar type II cells. Respirology. Hematopoiesis: an evolving paradigm for stem cell biology. Cell. Fine-tuning of FOXO3A in cHL as a survival mechanism and a hallmark of abortive plasma cell differentiation. Blood. Cell type atlas and lineage tree of a whole complex animal by single-cell transcriptomics. Science. CoCiter: an efficient tool to infer gene function by assessing the significance of literature co-citation. PLoS ONE. The human cell atlas. eLife. Reprogramming committed murine blood cells to induced hematopoietic stem cells with defined factors. Cell. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks.
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cochrane timmy manual
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cochrane timmy manual
Still, you have to “squint your ears” to hear it, as Paul says. I promise I’m sti. In accordance with Paul's wishes, we are not accepting preorders. But don't worry! At its heart it is essentially the same pedal, but with some considerable tweaks. The non-reversed pots addresses those that wished for a more intuitive and conventional knob function. Note: The 15th Anniversary Timmy V3 will only be available in one color scheme: Blue with a special silhouette graphic. We'll have pics up the moment they are available to us. The Timmy pedal has always been known for it's ability to provide a transparent overdrive to your amplifier while retaining the amps original tone. As the gain is turned up, and the pedal's EQ adjusted accordingly, smooth, singing, round and reedy tones are at your fingertips. The Timmy pedal's responsiveness is exactly like that of a great, tube amplifier in that it responds immediately to your right hand's attack. The Paul Cochrane Timmy is absolutely a legend in the world of overdrive pedals, and has been copied to a large degree over the years by several knock offs. Since 2013 we have been on a mission to bring you the best music gear for your money. Read about our review process.When you buy through links on our site, we may Learn more.When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Learn more.Available new on AMAZON Available used on REVERB. Available new on AMAZON Available used on REVERB Available new on AMAZON Available used on REVERB Available new on AMAZON Available used on REVERB Available used on REVERB Michael's Pick Available new on AMAZON Available used on REVERB From that sweet bluesy growl to the howling lead lines of heavier genres, overdrive is a must-have effect for any guitarist. It's not uncommon for an overdrive pedal to be one of the first purchases when building a pedalboard, alongside a tuner and a reverb pedal.
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Everything on the pedal works exactly as it should without any issues Please check the fields highlighted in red.Currency. Create one here. Creators are allowed to post content they produce to the platform, so long as they comply with our policies. United Kingdom. Company number 10637289. He doesn't have a website. Doesn't post on social media. Participates not at all in any type of press or hype building activities. He produces 1 pedal and hasn't changed the design in 10 years. This helps us keep producing content. We appreciate it a ton! I just replaced the above image after he let me know that any Timmy that you come across with the LED between the bass and gain controls is a forgery produced out of china ?? What a bummer. Keep your eye out and report these when you spot em! This was one of the first “transparent” drives before it became the most hyped term in pedal building. This pedal also features knobs that function as cuts and so are backwards in most peoples mind. Oh well, it sold pretty well and eventually someone asked for a switch on it. There’s a lot of color variations (I owned a seafoam green one!) that are released for a lot of retailers but they all are basically the same. Few different chipsets (based on availability) but the circuit remained unchanged. I haven’t played one. Paul has posted that he’s been sending them out to people for testing for quite some time but he hasn’t sent one to me so I can’t tell you exactly what the changes are but here’s some words from Humbucker Music who is accepting preorders now. It’s now easier to dial in precisely where you want the breakup level to be. The non-reversed pots addresses those that wished for a more intuitive and conventional knob function. No more turning the bass and treble knobs up to reduce the frequencies. How is it different than the standard 4559. Paul feels it’s a tiny (and he does mean TINY) bit less harsh on the top end and a bit less saturated.
We tried it with a few different amps (Fender Bassman, Vox AC15, and Orange CR30R) and the OCD works great with all of them. You can really crank the dirt on the this pedal, and despite how bass-y and fat the low end gets, you’ll love how the quality of your tone is still so good. We love it. Their presentation might not always be the best, and the packaging is riddled with bad Chinese to English translations, but once you plug the pedals in and try them out, none of that seems to matter. The Joyo JF-02 Ultimate Drive is their clone of the Fulltone OCD that we just covered above.Anyhow, let’s not judge a book by its cover. In terms of layout, you’ll notice the Joyo Ultimate Drive is remarkably similar to the pedal it’s meant to copy. It has Gain, Level, and Tone knobs and the same small toggle switch found on the OCD. Despite its low price, we’re happy to report its enclosure is all metal, and feels sturdy. It looks and feels a bit like an MXR pedal. The short answer is that the Joyo sounds great, and it’s almost shocking that it is offered at such a low price. It stays more or less stays faithful to the OCD (it's even true bypass), but there are some significant differences. Notably, at the exact same settings, the OCD is brighter. The Tone control on the Joyo Ultimate Drive gets darker much earlier when you rotate it to the left. Think of it like a treble control. In fact, we found it to almost be unusable below 1 o’clock (too much mud, we felt like we lost clarity). Past 1 o’clock however is where it starts to open up. Even with the Gain knob all the way down, you get a nice clean boost that responds well to your playing dynamics. The Gain knob is very responsive, and dialing it up from zero to 10 or 11 o’clock makes a tremendous difference. Owners of both the Joyo and OCD have actually pointed out that while the Joyo is not as bright, it has more gain on tap (i.e. you’ll need to turn the gain knob on the OCD up more to match the gain of the Joyo).
If you're a beginner, choosing the best overdrive pedal for your needs can be a bit overwhelming. These days every pedal manufacturer makes at least one overdrive (in many cases they make a few), leading to hundreds of choices. Now, not every pedal in this guide will be perfect FOR YOU. A lot depends on your existing rig; every part of your signal chain plays a part in how an overdrive fits into things. Your own personal preference for 1) a cleaner, more transparent overdrive or 2) one that adds a lot of its own coloration and character will make some models much more suitable than others. The reason for that is that it's versatile and sounds great. A small toggle switch at the top of the pedal lets you select between LP (Low Peak) mode, and HP (yep you guessed it, High Peak) mode. Switching into High Peak mode delivers a more aggressive overdrive, and this is where you can really push this pedal. You’ll hear a definite jump in volume, along with a boost in the mids and a little bit of boost in the high frequencies. Several users of this pedal, as well as Fulltone themselves describe the Low Peak mode as a more Fender-like “cranked Blackface or Tweed-style,” whereas High Peak mode is for a more “British” vibe (ala Vox and Marshall). This comparison sounds pretty accurate to our ears as well. The Fulltone OCD is quite responsive to your guitar's volume and tone knobs as well as your playing dynamics. Play softly to keep the OCD at bay, and really dig in to unleash its power. We found the Tone knob can really increase the brightness of a dark sounding amp, or conversely tame a bright amp. Here’s a great tip: I use my OCD with gain at about 3pm so that I can access some killer solo tones and roll down the volume for rhythm playing. Excellent pedal. I leave it on all the time during gigs. The pedal is very well built, true bypass, comes with a 9V battery, and carries a very attractive price tag.
If you don’t already have any overdrive or distortion pedals, we hesitate recommending the Tube Screamer as your first one. For that, we prefer the versatility of a Fulltone OCD. If you’re a classic rock or blues player, and you either have a good distortion channel on your amp, or you already own distortion pedal, then we cannot recommend the Ibanez TS9 Tube Screamer enough. It's often mentioned in the same breath as the Ibanez TS9 Tube Screamer, which is high praise. Considering how legendary the Tube Screamer is, that’s pretty high praise. Artists like John Mayer and Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day have used this pedal in their live setups (John Mayer used one that was Keeley-modded). Let’s find out why. Pedal aesthetics are subjective, but we'll mention the Blues Driver is a very good looking pedal, with its blue color and yellow lettering. Like other overdrive pedals, the knobs on this one won’t surprise you: LEVEL, GAIN, and TONE. Setting the Gain at about 30% gives you that crunchy Hendrix-like tone. The interplay between your guitar’s volume knob and the BD-2’s tone leaves you with a ton of fine-grained control over the amount of crunch and break-up. Roll the gain knob to between 60% and 70% to get a nice big blues solo tone, but one that still lets you articulate chords.The BD-2 excels if used to boost your clean tone, all the way to a very broken-up, crunchy sound. Right out of the box, the BD-2 offers a little bit more of that familiar overdriven sound, while the Tube Screamer is a little more particular. You can definitely get a pretty thick hardcore growl out of the Blues Driver with all knobs turned to the right. Perhaps surprisingly, a lot of the head-to-head comparisons tended to favor the Blues Driver, saying that the pedal responds better to picking dynamics, and has more “dirt” available than the TS9.
The JF-02 Ultimate Drive is widely known as one of the best pedals in the Joyo lineup, due to how good it sounds and how inexpensive it is. To most people, it will sound virtually indistinguishable from the Fulltone OCD.This iconic overdrive pedal has seen various incarnations since the late 70s, and continues to evolve. The Ibanez TS9 Tube Screamer is a reissue of the 1980s original, and is the most popular of the Tube Screamers. But enough with the trivia. Let’s talk about why the Ibanez TS9 Tube Screamer deserves a spot on your pedalboard. It does one thing, and it does it well. We’ll borrow this line from a review we liked: This is more of a vintage tube sounding boost that responds to your playing dynamics, and can provide extra bite no matter what genre you’re playing. Dig into your strings harder, and you’ll hear its character come through, depending on where you’ve set the Drive knob. Speaking of dials, you get three of them: Drive, Tone, and Level. Getting the hang of the Tube Screamer’s operation could not be simpler. There’s just a little bit of grit, with the mid bump that this unit is very well-known for. As you turn the Drive up, the TS9 really starts to shine. One thing we love is how touch-sensitive the knobs are. It’s a simple pedal, but it has a lot of range. The TS9 retains a bit of your original signal, which explains why it responds so well to your playing dynamics. One of the best practical applications for it is to use it as an extra channel. You can use your amp’s clean channel by itself, clean channel with Tube Screamer, distortion channel by itself, and distortion channel with Tube Screamer. The TS9 plays very well with an already distorted amp, and alongside other distortion pedals, letting you get that little extra something and really cut through the mix. Note that the TS9 is buffered bypass, though you can get it modded if you need it to be true bypass.
What that essentially means is that the Morning Glory retains the characteristics of your tone without too many pronounced EQ changes. There's also a Gain toggle switch, which changes the LED light from blue to red and gives you more low end grit and punch. Think of it as two levels of boost - the effect is subtle, but still noticeable (you can actually plug in an external foot switch to toggle this setting with your foot). Luckily, you can click the HI-CUT switch on the side of the pedal and tame that a little bit. A great always-on type pedal that adds just the right amount of spice to your mix. Definitely pick up the JHS Red Remote Footswitch so you can shift into a higher gear when needed. You are definitely in boutique pedal territory here which comes at a higher price, but this truly is one of the finer overdrive pedals on the market. Paul Cochrane builds these by hand, and despite the reasonable price tag the waiting list to get one can be quite long. If you're not one for waiting there are plenty on the used market. Similar to the JHS Morning Glory, the Timmy is going to retain the frequencies and tonal character of your amp, with a boost in the dirt department. The Gain and Volume knobs are no surprise, but the separate knobs for Bass and Treble let you customize your tone more than most other pedals' single Tone knob. The toggle switch in the middle gives you access to three different voicings, symmetrical clipping (down) and asymmetrical clipping (up). In our tests, it truly is about as clean as an overdrive can be (as strange as that sounds). We find it to be even more transparent than the JHS Morning Glory. As the gain increases, the signal is not compressed and definition is not lost in the low-end (unlike a Tube Screamer). Just remember it's not for everyone, especially if you want your overdrive to add its own character in the mids. According to Paul Cochrane himself it does not seem there is a significant difference in tone with these early models.
The Westwood uses electronic relay based switching and signal will not pass through the pedal without power, of which this pedal requires 15mA. The 20 decibel EQ really lets me get the most from my amp while retaining what I love about it. We played it on four tube amps and it sounded great, although different, with all of them. The crunch sounds terrifically full and as the drive increases you get a slightly fuzzy drive. The Bass and Treble knobs both have center detents, and are able to cut or boost by a huge 20 decibels. This wide EQ makes this pedal really versatile and you can really sculpt your amp to sound huge, cut through a mix, or whatever the situation calls for while keeping the your core tone. It delivers an articulate medium gain drive that responds to your playing and doubles as a clean boost thanks to a wide active EQ. Enter the overdrive pedal. That said, it can play several roles in your setup, regardless of genre: This can typically be dialed in by a pedal's DRIVE knob. Even at its highest settings, the results are going to be more tame than what you get out of a distortion pedal. The result will completely vary on your amp and pedal combination, and how you dial in your pedal.Just like above, there are thousands of permutations here, and experimentation is key. If you start out with all the knobs cranked it might be an incoherent mess. It's just generally accepted by guitarists as the lighter version of distortion. We know it's a gross oversimplification, but in practical terms that's how it works. There are many variations in circuitry, price points, tone shaping options, and it's hard to say what's objectively better or worse. In practice this is a subtle detail, and if you're just starting out you probably shouldn't worry about it as much. I know it, you know it, and your guitarist buddies all know it.We periodically review and revise this list as new pedals are released.
Check out some YouTube videos of both and see which is better suited to your playing style; although we gotta admit when we played them side by side, it was difficult for us to even tell a huge difference. If you’re leaning towards the BD-2 you might also want to look at the Boss BD-2W Blues Driver Waza Craft. Check out our note below. They do however come with a higher price tag. So, is the higher price of the Boss BD-2W worth it. Some people say there’s a subtle difference (more low end and reduced noise for instance), some people say it’s too close to tell and thus not really worth it. We’re a bit more in the latter camp, though if you have the spare cash you might as well go the Waza Craft route since it’s a more “premium” pedal. The really interesting part is that you can have them both on simultaneously, and a toggle switch controls which way you want to stack the two.LEVEL, GAIN, and TONE knobs act exactly as you would expect. The pedal has a beautiful paint-job and is built to Robert Keeley's exacting standards (hand built in Oklahoma, USA). The top-mount jacks are a nice touch. The headroom on this thing is ridiculous, and makes it ideal for stacking with whatever other pedals are on your board. In fact, think of the drive side as a slightly modified OCD circuit, and the boost side as a modified Klon. We also very much can appreciate how nice it sounds at low volumes, and just like any pedal of this type, it comes alive when you crank it up. As a boutique pedal it's not exactly cheap, but given what all you're getting, we dare call it a steal. Comes with a brief and helpful manual. There are tons of features packed in here, including a boost. Blue LEDs on the knobs make them easy to see in dark smoky venues. The tool-free flip-out battery compartment is brilliant. If you demand versatility out of your dirt pedals, you'll enjoy the Santa Ana.Going too far over that makes it sound too dirty in a bad way.
The FET-equipped Santa Ana Overdrive provides a straightforward flavor of drive and sounded very nice on every amp we tested it on. Its high price tag can be somewhat justified by the inclusion of a boost, and we recommend it if you're looking for voicing and tone shaping options beyond what simpler OD pedals provide. The Soul Food lets you dial in some thick bluesy overdrive, and excels as a clean boost. You've got three knobs to play with, VOL DRIVE and TREBLE that are very sensitive and respond as you'd expect. If you remove the pedal's bottom cover you'll find a switch that you can toggle between True Bypass and Buffered Bypass. Most of what you'll play with here is the DRIVE knob. Starting with the Drive knob in the fully counter-clockwise position showcases how well the Soul Food does as a clean boost with ridiculously high headroom. As you crank the Drive you'll get more of that classic bluesy distortion. The Soul Food is definitely a little mid-range heavy and nasally, but that's by design as it is meant to make you stand out in the mix. It's very versatile and easy to use, and a very affordable way to get those Klon Centaur vibes. It works well as a stand-alone drive or clean boost, but we liked it even better when we stacked it with other dirt pedals. After all, this is the company behind the storied OD-1, which in 1977 was the first overdrive pedal on the market. But don't let its spartan looks and modest price tag fool you. It's a very capable overdrive pedal and has been used and abused on hundreds of pedalboards of pro artists. It works well as a boost into an already overdriven amp, with the DRIVE knob set to 0 and the LEVEL turned up. However it truly shines when paired up with other dirt pedals. If you want it to be true bypass, you'll need to mod it. It's certainly not transparent, it's a little noisy, and even a little unpredictable.
In terms of electric guitars, we used a variety of single-coil and humbucker pickups, as well as solid body, semi-hollow, and hollow body guitars. Well, we crunched the numbers on Equipboard to reveal some fun facts about the most used overdrive pedals. He likes rock of all types, from classic to punk to metal. Michael co-founded Equipboard to satisfy his curiosity around what gear his guitar heroes use. Read more He plays the piano, guitar, drums, and had a brief stint signed to a label as an electronic music producer. Read more The blues driver is its own ground up design.Most will be starved plate designs, particularly affordable ones that run on pedal board voltage. You're not really using the tube for much. Its gimmick. The better ones have a sound if you're into that sort of thing. A preamp tube wants hundreds of volts to perform as designed. Don't hesitate to publish your own ad if you want to buy, sell or exchange this product. You can also: View classifieds for the Paul Cochrane products View classifieds in the Overdrive pedals section By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. Find out more. Subscribe to our free newsletter Before I got one I was promised the best transparent overdrive pedal money could buy. This was interesting to me because I was tired Tubescreamer style pedals that would turn my sound to mid heavy spikes. As soon as I switched on the Timmy everything changed. Tons of pedals claim they can do this but the Timmy does it.really. The controls are simple. Usually you can leave everything on noon and adjust the gain to taste. I have a Friedman Brown Eye which can be bassy at times. I just take the bass knob down on the Timmy and i'm good to go. It's really that simple. The EQ is perfectly responsive. The volume sometimes need to be set a little low to match levels, but that's what it's there for. I actually own two now I love it so much. One is set with gain at about 3 or 4. The other at noon. Stacked they sound awesome too.
The best thing about the Timmy is that you can't tell it's on. It sounds like you're magically adding gain. Theoretically, a clean boost should do this. The Timmy just does is much better. What can I say? I can't give it a 10 because they are hard to get a hold of. There is an 8 month wait and if you want one now you have to find a used pedal and pay the price. It really is worth it though. If I had to dream up an ideal overdrive, it would be the timmy. Cochran builds a quality product.and sturdy too by the way. Never had any issues. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. Avenged Sevenfold Auction Off Gear To Support Music Education Today: the Paul Cochrane Timmy. So, what makes such a relatively affordable pedal so coveted? Both the Tim and Timmy pedals had the same basic overdrive circuit and controls, with volume, gain, treble, and bass knobs, but the Tim was a bigger pedal with a foot-switchable 2-knob boost function and a 3 position diode selector. The main changes were the repositioning of the controls, and the introduction of the Tim’s diode selector. The pedal is still being made today and has long outlived the original Tim.Naturally, as this started to happen, more people became interested and placed orders. It has the 4 main controls and nothing more.This green box, again, follows the pattern of the original Timmy, but it’s now in an even smaller micro housing.This is pretty much a Timmy on steroids.Personally, I think it’s too cheap. So this is a good deal if you’re willing to wait. If not, check out any of the options I suggested. How about reviews of the hottest new guitars out there. How to write better songs, or improve your tone. Click here to read more articles! We only send about one email a month. 110% spam free. The new V3 pedals are coming soon, stay tuned for us to announce them when they arrive.
This special batch of Timmy Pedals are custom done in Red with Black Graphics made just for The Guitar Sanctuary For those desiring the legendary tone of the Paul Cochrane Tim Overdrive in a simpler, more space efficient size the Timmy offers all of the tone of its larger sibling, but lacking the send and return jacks as well as the boost channel and boost controls. The Timmy pedal works in conjunction with your amplifier's natural tone to add anything from a boost to a strong overdrive without changing the overall character or architecture of your favorite amp's tone. Any order placed before 3pm CDT Tuesday through Saturday is processed for shipment the same day. Orders placed Sunday-Monday will be processed for shipment the following Tuesday. For Free Shipping items, Effects pedals and small goods items are generally shipped via USPS Priority Mail, and Guitars and Amplifiers are generally shipped via UPS Ground. Due to our central location in the middle of the US, most orders will be delivered within 1-3 days delivery time. Other shipping methods are available (at an additional cost), including next day air. For fraud prevention, will only ship to confirmed delivery addresses for your PayPal account, or the confirmed billing address for your credit card account. Please call us directly at (972)540-6420 if you have any questions regarding shipping for your order. As a blues musician, I don’t really need high gain-I want a light grit and a slight volume boost. This box can easily go from clean boost to classic rock. Was this review helpful to you? Great customer service. I highly recommend them for your next purchases. Was this review helpful to you? Love the custom red color. Guitar sanctuary was fast and easy, ordered on Friday night, arrived Monday. Would buy from here again. Was this review helpful to you? The Timmy OD Pedal is hard to come by in my area. Sales person was prompt to check and polite. I placed my order online.
I got a purchase notification near instantly, and shipping confirmation very shortly after that. The order was placed midday Saturday, and I received the pedal the following Wednesday. Very pleased with my experience, and would purchase from GS again with full confidence.Thanks to Guitar Sanctuary and Brian for the info on the pedal and the prompt shipment. Love the Sanctuary Red Timmy Overdrive. Was this review helpful to you. There are differences in functionality but the real beauty lies in the circuit both pedals share. Its simple but insightful design lends it to be one of the most transparent tones available in a pedal today. The overdrive ranges from a totally clean boost to a creamy and smooth front end smack. The EQ is also fantastic allowing you to tailor the way the pedal works with the amp. Used as a clean boost, an OD or stacking with other pedals, the Timmy is truly outstanding and totally deserving of its stellar reputation. The Hotcake is designed to leave the undistorted component of the guitar sound unchanged, while providing a nice fat distortion sound without resorting to a treble cut circuit which will also affect the guitar tonality. With the Drive and Presence controls set to minimum, and the Level at around 2 o'clock, you should be hard pressed to hear any change in the sound at all when you switch the Hotcake in and out. You can get a clean volume boost by increasing the Level control. Increasing the Drive will give you a thick distortion sound with a little bit of edge to it, and the Presence control adds some mid-range punch to the sounds. The Hotcake also handles chords well. It is recommended that the Hotcake is patched between the guitar and amplifier, rather than into an amplifier's effect loop. Generally speaking, if you are happy with your guitar and amplifier combination, the Hotcake will work well as a primary distortion. A wide range of sounds are available from this modern classic.
It can produce transparent boost to warm rich overdrive tones, all with the signature mid-range boost that it’s famous for. The KTR is designed to overdrive the amp further into breakup, producing a lively and dynamic lead tone. The Treble control is very powerful and capable of providing subtle gradations in high-frequency response. It is usable and natural-sounding throughout its entire range; experiment Different amps and pedals have different input-stage headroom characteristics, so take some time to experiment with the Output to find whatever setting gives you the best results with your particular rig. In this mode the circuit has enormous headroom and will not generate any distortion of its own. Clean-boost enables you to hit the front end of your amp harder, or the next pedal in your signal path harder, without changing any of the essential characteristics of the signal. The KTR, allows the user, via the switch, to choose between buffered output or so-called true-bypass output the former almost always yields a signal with more presence than the latter. Do not attempt to power the unit with more than 9 volts, as damage to the circuitry will result, necessitating the replacement of the entire circuit board; please note that this kind of damage is not covered under the unit's warranty. Expect about ten hours' life from a new Duracell; replace the battery whenever you hear a loss of dynamic range, a high-pitched tone (the symptom of a weak battery). It's 100% designed by the original manufacturer, Bill Finnegan. This pedal is straight ahead and completely intuitive. A wide range of sounds are available from this modern classic.While all single coil guitarists as well as most humbucker users and even bassists love the clarity and versatility of the full sound of the ODR-1 some heavy humbucker players asked for the chance to reduce the sub-bass end. The pointers on the knobs now are GitD Glow-in-the-Dark.
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cochrane collaboration policy manual
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cochrane collaboration policy manual
In addition to bibliographic details (author, title, source, year, etc) CENTRAL records often include an abstract (a summary of the article). They do not contain the full text of the article. CENTRAL is published monthly. More about CENTRAL Cochrane Clinical Answers Cochrane Clinical Answers (CCAs) provide a readable, digestible, clinically-focused entry point to rigorous research from Cochrane Reviews. They are designed to be actionable and to inform point-of-care decision-making. Each CCA contains a clinical question, a short answer, and data for the outcomes from the Cochrane Review deemed most relevant to practising healthcare professionals, our target audience. The evidence is displayed in a user-friendly tabulated format that includes narratives, data, and links to graphics. Cochrane Clinical Answers were developed by Cochrane Innovations and Wiley. More about Cochrane Clinical Answers Featured content Special Collections Special Collections are curated content collections on a specific healthcare topic. Browse Special Collections Search content hosted by Epistemonikos The federated search feature allows Cochrane Library users to search systematic reviews, from the Epistemonikos health evidence database. This feature is available via the Search box on the home page, but is not available on the Advanced Search tabs. Editor in Chief and Editorial Board Editor in Chief Dr Karla Soares-Weiser is the Editor in Chief of the Cochrane Library (since June 2019). Toby Lasserson is the Deputy Editor in Chief. The Editorial Board includes the eight Network Senior Editors; a methodologist; one external member (representing the end users and with relevant experience in the area of evidence synthesis and its application in global decision making); and one representative from the Cochrane community who brings specific expertise in knowledge translation. The Editorial Board is chaired by the Editor in Chief.
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You can find out more about our use of cookies in About Cookies, including instructions on how to turn off cookies if you wish to do so. By continuing to browse this site you agree to us using cookies as described in About Cookies. I accept The Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Scolaris Search Portlet Scolaris Search Portlet Basic Search Title Abstract Keyword Record Title Abstract Author Keyword All Text Publication Type Source DOI Accession Number Trial Registry Number Cochrane Group Cochrane Topic You will see translated Review sections in your preferred language. Sections without translation will be in English. English Espanol Cancel Save You will see translated Review sections in your preferred language. English English Espanol Save Remember Me Forgotten password. Sign in Register Institutional login Please contact your institution's administrator to ask about access.Cochrane Login Username Password Caps Lock is on. Sign in. English Espanol Cancel Save The Cochrane Library is owned by Cochrane and published by Wiley. See what’s new on the Cochrane Library. The Cochrane Library is available as a Spanish language version. More information on translations. Each Cochrane Review is a peer-reviewed systematic review that has been prepared and supervised by a Cochrane Review Group (editorial team), according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions or Cochrane Handbook for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Reviews. CDSR also includes Editorials and Supplements. CDSR is built throughout the month, with new and updated reviews and protocols being continuously published when ready. More about CDSR Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) is a highly concentrated source of reports of randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials.
For more information see: Access to the Cochrane Library Open access for the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews History of the Cochrane Library You can find a brief history of Cochrane in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions; and also on Wikipedia. For further information please read the editorial Changes to The Cochrane Library during The Cochrane Collaboration’s first 20 years. Read our Special Collections You will see translated Review sections in your preferred language. Received 2015 Apr 2; Accepted 2015 Aug 24.The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background Systematic reviews of interventions provide a summary of the evidence available on intervention effectiveness and harm. Cochrane systematic reviews (CSRs) have been published electronically in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) since 1994, and co-publication (publication of a Cochrane review in another journal) has been allowed since that time, as long as the co-publishing journal has agreed to the arrangement. Although standards for co-publication were established in 2008, the frequency of co-publication and adherence to the standards have remained largely unexamined. Our objective was to examine the frequency of co-publication of Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (CEVG) reviews, adherence to the co-publication policy, the relative numbers of citations of the two modes of publishing, and differences in times cited in CSRs with and without a co-publication. Methods We identified all CEVG reviews published by May 30, 2014 in The Cochrane Library. Using keywords from the title, author names, and “Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group”, we searched Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases to identify possible co-publications.
Members of the Editorial Board are appointed for a renewable fixed term. Committees Cochrane Library Scientific Committee The Cochrane Library Scientific Committee is the main decision making body to agree what methods are employed within Cochrane and advises the Editor in Chief. In making its judgements the Scientific Committee draws upon empirical evidence supported by expertise within the Cochrane community, and in particular its Methods Groups. Editorial and publishing staff Cochrane Review Group editorial teams Each Cochrane Review Group focuses on a specific topic area and is led by a Co-ordinating Editor(s) and an editorial team including a Managing Editor, Information Specialist, and specialist Editors. The Cochrane Review Groups provide authors with methodological and editorial support to prepare Cochrane Reviews, and manage the editorial process, including peer review. Information about each team is available on Cochrane Review Group websites. Since 2018, Cochrane Review Groups have been organized into eight Cochrane Networks, responsible for the efficient and timely production of high-quality systematic reviews that address research questions that are most important to decision makers. See the CRG Networks Portal for further information. Cochrane editorial staff Editor in Chief: Karla Soares-Weiser Editor in Chief (Cochrane Clinical Answers): Christopher Bunt Deputy Editor in Chief: Toby Lasserson Senior Editors: John Hilton, Kayleigh Kew, Harriet MacLehose, Rachel Marshall Editors: Kerry Dwan, Monaz Mehta Editors (Cochrane Clinical Answers): Jane Burch, Sera Tort Information Specialist: Robin Featherstone Translations Co-ordinator: Juliane Reid See a complete list of Cochrane editorial staff.
To attract authors and maximize dissemination of the reviews, the Cochrane Collaboration encourages authors to consider the option of “co-publishing” their CSRs in traditional journals alongside their CDSR publication. The eight requirements for co-publication are summarized in Additional file 1; only four (one of which addresses two issues) can be examined for adherence in the text of a co-publication. Whether to pursue co-publication in a traditional journal typically is the choice of CSR authors; in some cases, co-publication may be suggested by Cochrane review group editors when they deem the topic to be timely and of special interest to clinicians and patients. The objective of our cross-sectional study was to examine the frequency of co-publication of Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (CEVG) reviews, adherence to co-publication policy, whether co-publication of CSRs in the field of eyes and vision has been associated with additional citation of CSRs, and whether CSRs with co-publications have been cited more often than CSRs without co-publications. To our knowledge, these issues have not been addressed for CSRs published by any other Cochrane review group. Methods For Cochrane Collaboration-related projects, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health allows us to query authors about their studies without specific ethics approval. Otherwise, no humans were involved in this research project, and we did not request ethics approval for any portion of the project. We selected for study all CEVG reviews published in the CDSR as of May 30, 2014. We identified all potential co-publications using a three-step strategy. In the first step, performed in January and February 2013, for each CEVG review, we searched Web of Science and Scopus citations for title words and the first author’s surname. In the second step, we searched Google Scholar and PubMed using the term “Cochrane eyes and vision group”.
We also emailed contact authors of all identified CEVG reviews to ask them whether they had published their CSR elsewhere. We compared each co-publication to the corresponding CEVG review for adherence to the Cochrane Policy Manual (dated June 10, 2014). We recorded the number of times each CEVG review and each co-publication had been cited by others according to Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus, as of June 11, 2014. Results We identified 117 CEVG reviews;19 had been co-published in 22 articles. Adherence to Cochrane policy on co-publication was moderate, with all authors complying with at least one of four requirements we addressed. Co-publications were cited more often than the corresponding CEVG reviews; CEVG reviews with at least one co-publication were cited approximately twice as often as CEVG reviews without a co-publication. The number of citations varied considerably depending on whether the CEVG review had a co-publication or not. Conclusions The findings support encouraging co-publication while maintaining the primacy of the Cochrane systematic review. Support for co-publication may be tempered by other factors such as the possibility that CEVG reviews with a co-publication covered more clinically important and timely topics than those without a co-publication. Assuming that citations are a valid measure of dissemination effectiveness, the 15-year CEVG experience with co-publication of systematic reviews suggests that Cochrane authors should be encouraged to co-publish in traditional medical journals. Keywords: Cochrane reviews, Co-publication, Citation Background Systematic reviews of interventions aim to provide a summary of the evidence available to address a research question about intervention effectiveness and harm. Since 1994, Cochrane Systematic Reviews (CSRs) have been published electronically in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), which is included in The Cochrane Library, and they are updated as needed.
Characteristics of the 22 co-publications are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Characteristics of 22 co-publications matched to 19 Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group systematic reviews Study characteristics The median JIF of the journals of co-publication was 1.83; the JIF ranged from 0 (journals without JIFs) to 17.215 ( BMJ ). Among the 12 journals, only one is open-access ( Saudi Medical Journal ). Open in a separate window Fig. 1 Journals of co-publication, by type of journal and Journal Impact Factor (JIF). Journal Impact Factor (JIF; rounded) as of March 9, 2015, is given at the top of each bar The time difference between each CEVG review and co-publication is shown in Fig. 2. A majority (62 %) of the co-publications were based on the original (first) version of the CEVG review. Open in a separate window Fig. 2 Timing of publication of 18 pairs of CEVG reviews and corresponding co-publications. Number of times cited As shown in Table 2, the 22 co-publications had been cited approximately 3.5 times as often as the corresponding CEVG reviews, based on information in the Web of Science and Scopus. Based on information from Google Scholar, the number of citations to co-publications and CEVG reviews were similar. Self-citations accounted for fewer than 10 % of all citations and did not influence these findings.We considered a value of P The 19 CEVG reviews with at least one co-publication had been cited twice as often as the 98 CEVG reviews without a co-publication, or more often when we considered the data retrieved from Google Scholar (Table 3 ). Numbers of citations documented by Web of Science and Google Scholar differed between co-published CEVG reviews and CEVG reviews without co-publications but were similar within Scopus (Table 3 ).Physicians and researchers who do not use or do not have easy access to the CDSR may not be aware of important and up-to-date evidence synthesis it contains, and co-publication could provide this access.
Does co-publication represent a form of duplicate publication. We do not think so, as the Cochrane review is unlikely to be “the same as” a co-publication, in that it is likely to be much longer and its structure follows a specified Cochrane format. Thus, one view could be that Cochrane is helping to reduce research waste by its co-publication policy, by making it more likely that the evidence gets to clinicians and others who can use it. It would be worth discussing whether Cochrane could do even more to reduce research waste by suggesting co-publication in open-access journals. For the same review topic, the co-publication had been cited more often than the CEVG review, although the difference was statistically significant only within the Scopus database (Table 2 ). Although Web of Science and Scopus produced lower citation estimates than Google Scholar, nevertheless CEVG reviews with co-publications also had been cited about twice as often as those reviews without co-publications (Table 3 ). The Policy Manual requirements for co-publication typically had not been fulfilled by the authors of CEVG reviews. All co-publications drew the same conclusions about treatment effectiveness as the corresponding CEVG reviews, including six that had different numbers of included studies. We recommend that the CEVG and other Cochrane Review Groups who wish to encourage co-publication monitor co-publications for fulfillment of the Cochrane policy. Thus, co-publication, when the CSR is cited properly, may bring attention to Cochrane reviews and increase dissemination. Our findings support encouraging co-publication while maintaining the primacy of the Cochrane systematic review. Support for co-publication may be tempered by other factors, of course, such as the reasons for co-publication, a topic we have not explored in this study.
In neither the first nor the second step did we limit our searches by language of publication. In the third step, performed in March 2013, we surveyed the contact authors of all CEVG reviews via email to ask whether they had published elsewhere on the topic of their CSR, specifically, whether they had co-published a Cochrane review. When contact authors appeared on more than one CSR, we asked about all reviews on which their names appeared. We performed final searches of the CDSR and citation databases on June 11, 2014. We paired the most recent versions of the CEVG reviews with co-publications, recognizing that multiple CSRs can contribute to a single co-publication and that one CSR may lead to two or more co-publications on the same or different aspects of the research question. We used a pre-tested online data collection form, created in Google Forms, to enter the study information for each CEVG review-co-publication pair or group. The online data collection form was pre-tested by collecting data from several randomly selected co-publications and corresponding CEVG reviews to ensure the completeness of data collection. Data extracted include the following: study characteristics such as journal of the co-publication and Journal Impact Factor (JIF), comparison of publication dates between co-publication and corresponding CSR, authorship, number of included studies, and fulfillment of each Policy Manual requirement for the co-publication that we could evaluate. Details of data extraction are provided in Additional file 2. On June 11, 2014, we searched Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus for each review and each co-publication and recorded the number of times each one had been cited. Whenever multiple versions of a CEVG review were found, we checked the citation list of each co-publication to make sure that it cited no more than one version of the same CSR.
To obtain the total number of times each review was cited, we counted each time a citation was made to any version of the review. When two or more co-publications had emanated from one CEVG review topic, we summed the times cited for all co-publications. We also recorded the number of times each co-publication and corresponding CEVG review had been cited by the review authors themselves (i.e., “self-citation”). We then compared the number of citations for each co-publication and its corresponding CEVG review, identified by the three citation resources, using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. We compared the numbers of citations to CEVG reviews with co-publications to the numbers of citations of CEVG reviews without co-publications, using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, for each of the three citation resources, including and excluding self-citations. All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 12 (StataCorp. 2011. Stata Statistical Software: Release 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP). The Policy Manual requirements for co-publication of CSRs are given in Additional file 1. Specifically, the journal version must faithfully reflect the Cochrane version, indicate that it is a secondary publication, acknowledge support from the CRG, and cite the Cochrane review. We were able to evaluate adherence to four of the requirements based on comparison of CSRs and corresponding co-publications while noting that one is a two-part requirement. Results Characteristics of co-publications As of May 30, 2014, 117 CEVG reviews had been published in the CDSR. By searching citation and bibliographic databases, we identified 21 co-publications corresponding to 18 CEVG reviews. From our survey of 88 contact authors of 105 CEVG reviews published by March 2013 to which 79 (90 %) of the contact authors responded, we identified one co-publication from one CSR not identified by our search. Therefore, we identified a total of 22 co-publications corresponding to 19 CEVG reviews.
For example, it is possible that CEVG review authors are more likely to pursue a co-publication for more clinically important and timely topics or for more complex systematic reviews and meta-analyses. In addition, we do not know whether any authors of CEVG reviews prepared their findings for co-publication only to have their manuscript rejected by editors who saw no need to use journal space to publish information already publicly available. As far as we know, the notion of co-publication, per se, is unique to Cochrane systematic reviews. This is likely because the Cochrane Collaboration has, from its beginning in 1993, wanted to attract authors who sought publishing outlets in addition to The Cochrane Library. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, another commissioner of systematic reviews, publishes the Effective Healthcare Programs full reviews on its website ( ) and encourages authors to publish a shorter version elsewhere as well (e.g., ). Discussion within Cochrane as to whether authors should be encouraged to co-publish in other journals has mainly concerned broader dissemination and providing opportunities for attracting authors. For example, it is possible that co-publications will be read and cited by physicians and scientists and thus may lead readers to consult the full Cochrane review; if this assumption is correct, co-publication is one way to disseminate findings of Cochrane reviews and to increase their influence. On the other hand, co-publications may attract attention to the co-publishing journal and may not draw attention to Cochrane reviews; if this assumption is correct, Cochrane reviews may be less cited and less influential than the co-publications. Furthermore, if co-publications are cited more often than Cochrane reviews, review authors may be motivated to publish first in journals other than The Cochrane Library.
Some review groups have asked whether it is a good idea to write to authors of systematic reviews published elsewhere to convert their reviews to CSRs. We observed a tendency to increased citation of co-publications over the CEVG reviews, regardless of the database used to identify citations; however, the numbers of citations identified by each source varied. Web of Science had the smallest number of citations among the three databases, and Google Scholar had the greatest number of citations for both CEVG reviews and corresponding co-publications. We noted that Google Scholar took into account the numbers cited for multiple versions of CSRs and had not removed duplicate citations. We expect that there are other differences between databases that account for discrepancies in numbers of citations of both co-publications and CSRs, but we did not seek to understand these discrepancies in any depth. Although we imposed no language restrictions on our search, we did not attempt to search any non-English database. Given this fact, the lack of response from ten contact authors to our inquiry and domination of Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed by English-language journals, it is possible that we missed co-publications not in the English language. We also did not survey review authors regarding their reasons for co-publishing their CEVG review or choosing not to do so. The JIF, a ratio reflecting the number of citations to articles published in a specific journal during the previous 2 years divided by the total number of citable articles published in the journal, is considered by many publishers, readers, authors, and reviewers to be a marker of a journal’s importance. The CDSR received its first impact factor in 2007 (4.654) and its most recent JIF in 2014 (6.032). This may not reflect the “impact” of CEVG reviews however.
To understand how the JIF and other considerations have affected authors’ decisions to co-publish or not, further surveys of review authors, both those who have co-published and those who have not, would be required. Editors also may be a factor in co-publication. With 62 published reviews, as of Issue 4, 2013 of The Cochrane Library, and 59 co-publications (some Cochrane reviews had more than one co-publication), a greater proportion of their reviews had been co-published compared to the CEVG reviews. For the ten most frequently cited reviews from the Cochrane Back Review Group, the number of citations to co-publications were generally the same or greater than to the review itself; overall, the co-publications had been cited about two times more often than the ten top-cited Cochrane reviews. Conclusions Only about one in seven CEVG reviews have been co-published, but, when they have been, co-publications have been cited more often than the corresponding CEVG reviews. If one accepts citations to be a valid measure of dissemination effectiveness, the CEVG experience with co-publication of systematic reviews during the past 15 years suggests that authors of CEVG reviews who wish to increase dissemination of their findings should co-publish them in traditional medical journals. Cochrane review groups may be wise to invest some resources in co-publication. Abbreviation CDSR Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CEU Cochrane Editorial Unit CEVG Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group CRG Cochrane Review Group CSR Cochrane Systematic Reviews IQR interquartile range JIF Journal Impact Factor WHO World Health Organization Additional files Additional file 1: (20K, pdf) Authors’ contributions XW conceived of the study, coordinated data collection and analysis, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript and contributed to critical revisions. BSH led the study’s design, data analysis, and interpretation, helped draft the manuscript, and contributed substantially to revisions.
KD participated in the study’s design, contributed to data analysis and interpretation, and contributed substantially to revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Chapter 2: preparing a Cochrane review. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Co-publishing Cochrane library systematic reviews: journal editor and Cochrane Skin Group author experiences. Interventions for unilateral refractive amblyopia. Wilkinson C. Interventions for asymptomatic retinal breaks and lattice degeneration for preventing retinal detachment. Calderon MA, Penagos M, Sheikh A, Canonica GW, Durham SR. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic conjunctivitis: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Sublingual immunotherapy for treating allergic conjunctivitis. Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: a systematic review. Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis update. Shotton K, Powell C, Voros G, Hatt SR. Wilkinson CP. Evidence-based medicine regarding the prevention of retinal detachment. Wilkinson CP. Evidence-based analysis of prophylactic treatment of asymptomatic retinal breaks and lattice degeneration. Barsam A, Allan BD. Excimer laser refractive surgery versus phakic intraocular lenses for the correction of moderate to high myopia. Findl O, Buehl W, Bauer P, Sycha T. Interventions for preventing posterior capsule opacification. Buehl W, Findl O. Effect of intraocular lens design on posterior capsule opacification. Fedorowicz Z, Lawrence D, Gutierrez P. Day care versus in-patient surgery for age-related cataract. Fedorowicz Z, Lawrence DJ, Gutierrez P. A Cochrane Systematic Review finds no significant difference in outcome or risk of postoperative complications between day care and in-patient cataract surgery. Gilbert RE, See SE, Jones LV, Stanford MS.
Antibiotics versus control for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Stanford MR, See SE, Jones LV, Gilbert RE. Antibiotics for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: an evidence-based systematic review. Leyland M, Zinicola E. Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction. Leyland M, Zinicola E. Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses in cataract surgery: a systematic review. Lueck C, McIlwaine G. Interventions for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Lueck CJ, McIlwaine GG. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Mabey D, Fraser-Hurt N. Antibiotics for trachoma. Mabey D, Solomon A. The effect of antibiotic treatment on active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Richardson S, Gnanaraj L. Interventions for intermittent distance exotropia. Gnanaraj L, Richardson SR. Interventions for intermittent distance exotropia: review. Shortt AJ, Allan BD. Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia. Shortt AJ, Bunce C, Allan BD. Evidence for superior efficacy and safety of LASIK over photorefractive keratectomy for correction of myopia. Sivaprasad S, Bunce C, Patel N. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents for treating cystoid macular oedema following cataract surgery. Sivaprasad S, Bunce C, Wormald R. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents for cystoid macular oedema following cataract surgery: a systematic review. Smeeth L, Iliffe S. Community screening for visual impairment in the elderly. Wilhelmus KR. Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Wilhelmus KR. The treatment of herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Wormald R, Evans J, Smeeth L, Henshaw K. Photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Wormald R, Evans JR, Henshaw KS, Smeeth LL. Photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Li T, Scherer R, Twose C, Anton B, Dickersin K.
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cochran gemini dive computer manual
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cochran gemini dive computer manual
PreDive Predictions will terminate when the No-Decompression (NDC) time prediction reaches two minutes or a maximum depth of 320 feet is reached. The information presented will depend on the configuration of the dive computer. The information in the upper right of first screen indicates whether unit is in the Constant FO2 or PO2 Mode and the number of gas blends the unit is enabled for. Via Touch Programming the Conservatism can be set from 0 to 50%. When the computer detects an error in one of the transducers, the diver is alerted to this condition by the illumination of the “WARNING”. In addition, a maximum Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) warning alarm can also be set. While most other audible alarms of the dive computer consist of five. The OTU Dose is an exponential function of oxygen partial pressure and time. These two gas blends are commonly referred to as the Normal or Bottom Gas Blend and the Decompression Gas Blend. If the diver surfaces before satisfying his decompression obligation, the GEMINI will continue to give out-gassing credit as if it were in a dive, but at a depth of zero feet. The unit will continue to log data and perform as if actually in a dive. These two blends are commonly referred to as the Normal or Bottom Gas Blend and the First and Second Decompression Gas Blends. The Deco Blend switch is enabled when the diver descends below the switch depth and satisfies the time requirements and then ascends to the programmed switch depth. TOUCH PROGRAMMING - CONSERVATISM - THREE GAS NITROX: The added Conservatism Programming Procedure is the same as the Single Gas Nitrox, refer to page TOUCH PROGRAMMING - CYLINDER SIZE: The Cylinder Size Programming Procedure is the same as the Single Gas Nitrox, refer to page 23. The GEMINI has this capability, but also computes using a “Constant PO ” as commonly found in closed-circuit rebreathers. DIVE MODE - SINGLE GAS PO2: The Dive Mode for the PO configuration is the same as the Single Gas Nitrox.
- cochran gemini dive computer manual.
The GEMINI WU will not turn on if the battery voltage is less than 2.0 volts, or a fault is detected during the self-test. NOTE: The GEMINI TU will not enter the sleep mode or turn off as long as cylinder pressure is being applied to the TU. This period has two screens, a Primary and an Alternate. To switch to the Alternate Screen just tap once firmly on the face of the unit. The six ranges are for display purposes only: The GEMINI actually senses and computes extremely small altitude changes and hence, is called “Seamless”. The term “Barometric Altitude” is used instead of just “Altitude”. Bottom Time will begin once the GEMINI WU senses that the diver has descended below five feet and continues until the diver has ascended above three feet. The maximum Bottom Time displayed is 9. The maximum Bottom Time displayed is 9 hours 59 minutes. In this mode, the Ceiling digits will display the depth at which the diver must stop and not ascend above during final ascent. The “TEMP” legend and two digits will be replaced with the “CEIL”. Should another dive be commenced before the completion of the Post Dive Interval, that dive will be considered an extension of the previous dive. The GEMINI can be placed into the Clock Mode from the Dive Computer Mode when the unit is in the Normal Surface Interval. NOTE: All audible and visual alarms are suspended while the GEMINI is in the Programming Mode. Identification Description Figure Page Misc. This enables the diver to view dive statistics; the GEMINI WU has the ability to provide diving data for the most recent 12 dives. The most recent dive will be displayed first. If the logbook example shown is the most recent dive made, it can be readily identified that 9. Information Depth Alarm, Max value is 320 feet. Added Conservatism, Max allowed value is 50%. The PreDive Prediction of the GEMINI starts at 30 feet and increases in 10 feet increments.
The Training Mode also permits the selection of an increased Post Dive Interval period from 10 to 30 minutes in one-minute increments. MONITOR WRIST UNIT SPECIFICATIONS: WU Activation Manual and Water. Specifications are subject to change without notice.The TU may be powered by any of the following types of batteries, Alkaline (tester, non-tester, rechargeable), Lithium and Nickel Cadmium. Cochran recommends the use of ENERGIZER brand batteries.The Analyst. For purposes of establishing warranty eligibility, this date of shipment may be noted on the original Product box, or can be determined by contacting COCHRAN.COCHRAN will return Product to US OWNER or US Dealer via a method and carrier of its choosing. Costs for requested expedited return shipping will be the responsibility of OWNER. The GEMINI actually computes and displays in the selected units giving maximum accuracy and user familiarity. Programming Mode - TU - Setting Additional Conservatism Programming Mode - TU - Cylinder Size Menu 39a. Programming Mode - TU - Setting Cylinder Size Programming Mode - TU - Normal Blend O % Menu 40a. GEMINI User Manual Version 001iFigures Index. Limited Warranty and Liability Statement. Product Certifications. Patent Information. Introduction. Overview. Altitude Acclimatization. Water Temperature Compensation. Microbubble Compensation. User Conservatism. Previous Dive Profile. Workload Compensation. Theory of Operation. Nitrox-specific Functions. Equivalent Air Depth. Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity. Pulmonary, Whole Body (OTU) Oxygen Toxicity. Installation. Tank Unit Touch Contacts. Activation. Operating Modes. Self-Diagnostic Mode. Surface Mode. Predive Prediction Mode. O2 Mix Display. Logbook Mode. Subsurface Mode. Emergency Decompression Mode. Field Programming Mode. Explanations. Altitude Diving. Ascent Rate. Ascent Rate Bar GraphDepth. Dive. Max Depth. Metric. Mission OTU Clock. Remaining Time Air. Remaining Time NDC. Remaining Time DEC. Surface Time.
The Primary Display Screen will display the current Calculated FO2 of the Breathing Gas, in the lower center of the display, based on the Depth and PO Setting. If the diver surfaces before satisfying his decompression obligation, the GEMINI will continue to give out-gassing credit as if it was in a dive, but at a depth of zero feet. The unit will continue to log data and perform as if actually in a dive. This is a result of higher FO2s in the breathing gas as the depth decreases. POST DIVE INTERVAL MODE - SINGLE GAS PO2: The Post Dive Interval is the same as in the Single Gas Nitrox, refer to page 12 for detailed information. TOUCH PROGRAMMING - DEPTH ALARM - SINGLE GAS PO2: The Depth Alarm Programming Procedure is the same as the Single Gas Nitrox, refer to page 23. The GEMINI is capable of. The Programming sequence and choices are determined by the selection of PO or FO Mode. TOUCH CONTACT PROGRAMMING SCREENS: The following are all of the screens that the GEMINI WU is capable of presenting in the Touch Programming Mode. Refer to the particular configuration for appropriate screens. Refer to the particular configuration for appropriate screens. The information is stored as acquired and is called an “Inter-Dive Event”.After cylinder pressure is applied the GEMINI will display “-.-“ for the SGC value, if the system is not being breathed on after one-minute the value will show”0”. Once the diver has been breathing for an additional one minute the SGC value will start to display the divers SGC value. The GEMINI is shipped from the factory with this feature set to NORMAL. If this option is disabled, mixtures other than 21.0% oxygen will be disallowed. Furthermore, if this option is selected as OFF, the GEMINI WU will not compute CNS Toxicity, OTU Dose, or maximum PO2 alarm.In this mode the GEMINI will enter the Dive Mode at 2 feet instead of 5 feet and exit the Dive Mode at 1 foot instead of 3 feet.
This Warranty is notThe warranty registration card must be sent to COCHRAN within 15 days of theFailure to provide proper care for this Product will render this Limited WarrantyCOCHRAN deem to be outside the intended scope of this Limited Warranty arePlastics, o-rings, batteries, battery life and flooded batteryOWNER is responsible for shipping this Product to COCHRAN for service, andOWNER may take Product to an Authorized Dealer to arrange service underCOCHRAN will return Product to OWNER or. Dealer via a method and carrier of its choosing. Costs for requested expeditedProduct returned forNitrox breathing mixtures. However, because of the number of variables and the varying degrees to whichThis Product is sold and intended to be used only as a guide, providing the. TRAINED and CERTIFIED diver the information needed to make safe divingFurthermore, DiverThese products must be handled with care and properly maintained to assureUsers must possess the proper training for SCUBAUsers are encouraged to possess and utilize a redundant (backup) computer forAnd divers are always encouraged to diveCOCHRAN strongly supports and agrees with maximum depth limits of 130 feetGEMINI User Manual Version 001iOperation is subjectInterference Statement. NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with both the limitsThis equipment generates, uses, and radiatesIf not installed and used in accordance with theThe limits areHowever, there is no guarantee that interference will notIf this equipment does cause interference toReorient or relocate the receiving antenna of the affected radio orIncrease the separation between the equipment and the affectedConnect the equipment and the affected receiver to power outlets onGEMINI User Manual Version 001iPatent Information. Protected under one or more Foreign or US patents. Other patents may beAll specifications subject to change without prior notice. GEMINI and AnalystCopyright 1999 Cochran. Consulting, Inc.GEMINI Manual.
Tank. Temp. Time-To-Fly. User Defined Maximum DepthLow On Air. Ceiling Violation. Breathing Parameter. Ascent Rate Alarm. Low Battery Voltage. Two-Minute WarningEntering Decompression Mode. Oxygen Tolerance Units (OTU) Warning. Maximum PO2 Alarm. User Configurable Options. Care and Maintenance. Rinsing and Cleaning. High-pressure Transducer Care. Battery Type and replacement. Battery Care. Technical Specifications. Replacement Parts. Accessories. Analyst Personal Computer Interface. GEMINI User Manual Version 001iSelf-Diagnostic Mode. Surface Mode, Primary Screen, With Nitrogen. Surface Mode, Primary Screen, No Nitrogen. Surface Mode, Alternate Screen, With Nitrogen. Surface Mode, Alternate Screen, No Nitrogen. PreDive Prediction Mode, Primary Screen. Oxygen Mix Percentage Display. Subsurface Mode, Normal Dive, Primary Screen. Subsurface Mode, Normal Dive, Alternate Screen. Subsurface Mode, Emergency Decompression,Subsurface Mode, Emergency Decompression,Subsurface Mode, Emergency Decompression. Logbook Mode, Primary Screen. Logbook Mode, Alternate Screen. Oxygen Toxicity Warning Screen. Field Programming Mode (Setting Oxygen %). Field Programming Mode (Setting Cylinder Size). Field Programming Mode (Setting Conservatism). Field Programming Mode (Setting Depth Alarm). Ascent Rate Bar Graph. GEMINI User Manual Version 001iTo the original purchaser (“OWNER”) only, Cochran Undersea Technology, aConditions and Limitation” section below will at the sole discretion of COCHRAN,COCHRAN is not responsible for anyContact COCHRAN for verification of dealer status.
NITROX diving course from a recognized certifying agency should onlyNOTE: By accepted definition of CNS Toxicity. Should a PO2 valuePDF Version: 1.2. Linearized: Yes. Create Date: 2001:05:30 11:42:08. Producer: Acrobat Distiller 4.0 for Windows. Modify Date: 2001:05:30 11:42:10-04:00. Page Count: 14. GEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001Limited Warranty and Liability Statement. Product Introduction. Page NumberWater Temperature Compensation. Workload CompensationEquivalent Air Depth. Pulmonary, Whole Body (OTU) Oxygen ToxicityTank Unit Touch Contacts. ActivationSelf-Diagnostic Mode. FO2 Operating Modes. FO2 Surface Mode. FO2 Logbook Mode. FO2 Subsurface Mode. FO2 Emergency Decompression Mode. Primary Battery Display. Secondary Battery Display. Wrist Unit Battery Display. Altitude Display. FO2 Sensor Warning DisplayPO2 Surface Mode. GEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001PO2 Subsurface ModePO2 Sensor Warning DisplayPseudo-Off Mode. Wrist Unit Independent Operating Mode. Sensor Warning Display. Wrist Unit Touch ContactsAltitude Diving. Altitude Bar Graph. BottomCeiling. Depth. Secondary Battery Bar GraphTank. Time-To-FlyLow On Air. GEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001Page Number. Self-DiagnosticPage NumberSubsurface - FO2 Mode - OTU Toxicity - AlternatePrimaryDecompression Mode - FO2 Mode - OTU - AlternateSurface - FO2 Mode - Sensor Warning - HP Transducer. Surface - PO2 Mode - Sensor Warning - HP Transducer. Surface - FO2 Mode - Sensor Warning. Depth TransducerDepth TransducerPrimary. Subsurface Mode, PO2 Mode - Sensor Warning Display. Primary. Subsurface Mode, FO2 Mode - Sensor Warning. HP Transducer - Alternate. Subsurface Mode, PO2 Mode - Sensor Warning. Depth Transducer - Alternate. GEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001Tank Unit Touch Contacts. Wrist Unit Independent Mode. Surface - No Nitrogen. Surface Mode - Residual Nitrogen - Showing Surface Time. Surface Mode - Residual Nitrogen - Showing Bottom Time. Subsurface Mode - Normal Dive - Showing Depth.
Subsurface Mode - Normal Dive - Showing Max Depth. Subsurface Mode - Emergency Decompression. Logbook - Normal - Primary - Beginning. Logbook - Normal - Alternate - Beginning. Logbook - Normal - Primary - Ending. Logbook - Normal - Alternate - Ending. Subsurface Mode, CNS Warning. Subsurface Mode, OTU Warning. GEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001To the original purchaser (“OWNER”) only, Cochran Undersea Technology, aConditions and Limitation” section below will at the sole discretion of COCHRAN,COCHRAN is not responsible for anyCOCHRAN for verification of dealer status. This Warranty is not transferable. The warranty registration card must be sent to COCHRAN within 15 days of theFailure to provide proper care for this Product will render this Limited WarrantyCOCHRAN deem to be outside the intended scope of this Limited Warranty arePlastics, o-rings, batteries, battery life and flooded batteryOWNER is responsible for shipping this Product to COCHRAN for service, andOWNER may take Product to an Authorized Dealer to arrange service underCOCHRAN will return Product to OWNER or. Costs for requested expeditedProduct returned for serviceGEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001SCUBA diving related to use of compressed air or other breathing mixtures whileNitrox breathing mixtures. TRAINED and CERTIFIED diver the information needed to make safe diving. Diver assumes ALL RISK as to its operability, reliability, quality, performance,Furthermore, Diver recognizes thatThese products must be handled with care and properly maintained to assure theUsers are encouraged to possess and utilize a redundant (backup) computer forAnd divers are always encouraged to diveCOCHRAN strongly supports and agrees with maximum depth limits of 130 feetDo not allow the GEMINI Nitrox to have low or no batteries for any extendedOperation is subject toInterference Statement.
English - Imperial. Version 001i. GEMINI User Manual Version 001iYour GEMINI Dive Computer from Cochran Undersea Technology is one of theIt incorporates more userprogrammable functions than any other dive computer made, yet is one of theThis manual is intended for use with the GEMINI with and without the NitroxManual sections that apply to the Nitrox capabilities ofThe GEMINI: Overview. GEMINI is one of the new breed of Dive Computers that adapts its algorithm toAll of COCHRAN’s newer dive computers incorporate this capability. The factors. Workload. Water Temperature. Microbubble. However, the GEMINI allows the diver, via the optional Analyst PC Interface, toCalculation of. Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity (CNS), Mission Oxygen Tolerance. Units (OTU's), and the Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) is yet another addedTwelve half-time compartments ranging from 5 minuteYou will find that this unit isFactors that influence the decompression algorithm ofThe GEMINI regularly samples theAccordingly, the decompression algorithm is changed to reflect these barometricUsing the Time-To-Fly digits,The dive computer may in fact, seeShould thisShould it be desired to initiate a dive PRIOR to completing the adaptation time,There are twoVia the ANALYST Personal Computer. Interface, ZONE or SEAMLESS compensation for altitude may be selected. In ZONE all altitudes less than 2,000 feet above sea level use the sea-levelHowever, the advantage in ZONE is thatIn SEAMLESS, the algorithm is adjusted for extremely small changes in altitude. However, a difference in altitude may be seen from day-to-day at a given divePrediction forecast.If the diver is wearing an insulated dry suit andThe GEMINI attempts to compensate, or adapt, for these higher Ascent Rates. For Ascent Rates less than 30 feet-per-minute (fpm) there is no compensation. As the Ascent Rate goes progressively higher than 30 fpm the compensationThe GEMINI allows the diver to input anField programming is featured.
This occursThis recent dive history isThere is approximately three-percent difference in depth readings taken in freshSome dive computers are calibrated in feet of freshDiving in a medium differentCOCHRAN dive computers, including the GEMINI, actually determine the typeGEMINI User Manual Version 001iPersonal Computer Interface. The Workload Compensation factor may beThe information isThe Wrist Unit is supplied. Two N-Cell Size AlkalineThe WU will receive information from the GEMINI’s. TU from approximately 36 inches; the actual distance will vary depending on theWhen the WU is beyond the communicationsWhen the WU is back inThe TU performs all of the time-depthTU transmits all information to the WU once per second where it is displayed. Four AA-cell batteries power the TU; these batteries can be Alkaline, Lithium. Rechargeable, Tester or non-tester. NOTE: The WU and TU contain NO USER SERVICABLE PARTS, If theNitrox Specific FunctionsA standard NOAA equation isFor example, if you were diving with NOAA II (36% oxygen) to 70 feet, the EADGEMINI will provide audible and visual warnings to alert you to this hazardousMaximum exposure time for a given depth is calculated based on the Partial. Pressure of oxygen (PO2). The following standard formula is used to determineWhere O2 is entered in decimal form and D is the actual depth in atmospheresGEMINI User Manual Version 001iExceeding a PO2 of 1.6 will greatly increase the probability of the immediateWhile various training organizations haveIn addition to this audible warning, the. WARNING legend will appear and flash AND the TEMPerature digits will beAt a PO2 ofNOTE: While all other audible alarms of the dive computer consist ofWARNING: It is possible in certain diving circumstances to reach an. Oxygen Toxicity limit well before reaching a no-decompression limit. For this reason, a diver who has successfully completed a sanctioned.
NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with both the limitsThis equipment generates, uses, and radiatesIf not installed and used in accordance with theThe limits areHowever, there is no guarantee that interference will notIf this equipment does cause interference toReorient or relocate the receiving antenna of the affected radio orIncrease the separation between the equipment and the affectedConnect the equipment and the affected receiver to power outlets onPatent Information. GEMINI and Analyst areCopyright 1999 Cochran. Consulting, Inc.GEMINI Nitrox Manual. Version 001I. GEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001Your GEMINI Nitrox Dive Computer from Cochran Undersea Technology is oneThe GEMINI NitroxThe GEMINI Nitrox consists of two componentThe GEMINI Nitrox WU is a. GEMINI Nitrox WU contains its’ own Depth Sensor and microprocessor. It hasThe GEMINI NitroxThe GEMINI Nitrox incorporates moreTo get the safest and most effective use of this instrument, it is important that thePlease read and understand this entireBy using the GEMINI Nitrox, the diver specifically acknowledges that he hasThe GEMINI Nitrox: Overview. All other dive computers only compute using air or enriched air (Nitrox) which isThe GEMINI Nitrox has this capability, butThe diver mayIf the user selects CONSTANT FO2 mode, the Oxygen content of the three NitroxPressure of Oxygen (PO2) can be selected between 0.5 and 1.5 ata. It is important to recognize that if CONSTANT PO2 mode is selected, the unit willCONSTANT FO2 mode, and vise versa, via Field Programming or the Analyst PC. Interface. When the GEMINI Nitrox is in the FO2 mode and in the Surface Mode or. Logbook Mode the center two digits on the primary screen will be 21. If it is inGEMINI Nitrox is programmed for. This Manual has sections that address bothGEMINI Nitrox is one of the new breed of Dive Computers that adapts itsAltitude Acclimatization.
However, the GEMINI Nitrox allows the diver, via the optional Analyst PCOxygen Tolerance Units (OTU's), and the Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) is yetTwelve half-time compartments rangingYou will find thatFactors that influence the decompressionThe GEMINI Nitrox regularly samplesAccordingly, the decompression algorithm is changed to reflect these barometricUsing the Time-To-Fly digits. GEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001The dive computer may in fact, seeShould thisShould it be desired to initiate a dive PRIOR to completing the adaptation time,Via the ANALYST Personal. Computer Interface, ZONE or SEAMLESS compensation for altitude may beIn ZONE all altitudes less than 2,000 feet above sea level use the sea-levelHowever, the advantage in ZONE is thatIn SEAMLESS, the algorithm is adjusted for extremely small changes in altitude. However, a difference in altitude may be seen from day-to-day at a given divePrediction forecast.The GEMINI NitroxIf the diver is wearing an insulated dry suit andThe GEMINI Nitrox attempts to compensate, or adapt, for these higher Ascent. Rates. For Ascent Rates less than 30 feet-per-minute (fpm) there is noThe GEMINI Nitrox allows the diver toField programming is featured.This occursThis recent dive history isThere is approximately three-percent difference in depth readings taken in freshSome dive computers are calibrated in feet of freshDiving in a medium differentCOCHRAN dive computers, including the GEMINI Nitrox, actually determine theGEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001Nitrox progressively makes its’ nitrogen algorithms more conservative as workPersonal Computer Interface. The Workload Compensation factor may beUnit (TU) and the Wrist Unit (WU), the TU contains the computer’s electronicsThe informationThe Wrist Unit is. Two N-Cell Size. Alkaline batteries power the WU. The WU will receive information from the.
GEMINI Nitrox’s TU from approximately 36 inches; the actual distance will varyWhen the WU is beyond theWhen the WU isGEMINI Nitrox WU loses its' communication link with the TU for more than one. The WU has theThe GEMINI Nitrox WU contains NO. USER SERVICABLE PARTS, If the lens is removed from the WU it will VOID theThe TU performs all of the time-depthTU transmits all information to the WU once per second where it is displayed. The TU contains NO USER SERVICABLE. PARTS, If the lid is removed from the TU it will VOID the limited warranty.Your GEMINI Nitrox has the unique ability to provide the diver with the ability toBlend 1. Blend 2. Blend 3:In order to obtain the full benefit of this unique feature, you must designate BlendBlend 3 as your final (shallower) decompression mix. The TU must be attachedBlend 3Blend 3. The time and depth do not have to be exact. They are simply used as aTherefore, theyThe maximum depth at which aNOTE: As you will discover in the Subsurface Mode section of thisBlend number and the Oxygen percentage of the Blends on theIf the BP is displaying 00, the O2Should you switchGEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001The following describes the various factors that determine which mix is beingBlend 1: TU senses drop in cylinder pressure with BP between 1 and 98Blend 2: TU does not sense a drop in cylinder pressure, BP displays 00. Alternate Screen displays Ean2 and Blend 2 Oxygen percentage, bottom timeBlend 3: TU does not sense a drop in cylinder pressure, BP displays 00. Alternate Screen displays Ean3 and Blend 3 Oxygen percentage, bottom timeNOTE: The ability to switch mixes MUST be enabled via the Analyst. IfIn addition, Blend 1 is always calculated for the first five minutes of each diveYou can also vary the responsiveness ofAll three Blends areEquivalent Air Depth. Your GEMINI Nitrox uses Equivalent Air Depth (EAD) in determining the nodecompression limits for each individual dive.
A standard NOAA equation isFor example, if you were diving with NOAA II (36% oxygen) to 70 feet, the EADEAD of 50.44 feet. An additional consideration for the NITROX diver is Oxygen Toxicity. Your. GEMINI Nitrox will provide audible and visual warnings to alert you to thisMaximum exposure time for a given depth is calculated based on the Partial. The following standard formula is used to determineWhere. O2 is entered in decimal form and D is the actual depth inFor example, if you were diving to 86 feet with NOAA II your PO2 level would be. Exceeding a PO2 of 1.6 will greatly increase the probability of the immediateWhile various training organizations haveIn addition to this audible warning, the. WARNING legend will appear and flash AND the left-hand bar graph will displayAt a PO2 ofNote: BY accepted definition of CNS Toxicity. Should a PO2 valueToxicity. This is a cumulative development, which must also be trackedThe following chart illustrates how the OTUPeriod TotalThe timedependent limit varies with the number of days that the diver continues to diveThe recovery portion of the whole body effect algorithm is aThe Mission OTU Clock continues runningDepending on frequency of dives andThe clock resets to 0:00 when the OTU level has droppedShould the OTU Dose reach 50% of the maximum allowable, the audible alarmAlternate Screen the MAX DEPTH digits will be replaced with a lower case “O”All three digits will also beShould any of theseNOTE: While most other audible alarms of the dive computer consistWARNING: It is possible in certain diving circumstances to reach an. For this reason and many others, a diver who has successfullyWe wish to thank Dr. Bill Hamilton for working with us and sharing hisInstallation. The Tank Unit (TU) high-pressure sensor installs into a high-pressure port ofYour Authorized Dealer should do this at the time ofEnriched Air Nitrox equipment.GEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001DO NOT use your hand to tighten the high-pressure.
This procedure should only be accomplished by using theIt must not be overtightened. With the first stage properly attached to a filled SCUBA cylinder, slowly open theIf possible, completely immerse the tank andIf any gas leakNitrox. The Tank Unit (TU) clips to a low-pressure hose close to the first-stage, it isWhen clipping the. TU onto the low-pressure hose, a rolling motion will provide better results ratherThe Wrist Unit (WU) may beFigure 51. Tank Unit Touch ContactsThe TU will automatically activate when it senses a cylinder pressure greaterIt is also required that the TU be no deeper than 3 feet of water in order toYou cannot manually turn the TU off. The TU will turn off:After a dive, your GEMINI Nitrox will enter its sleep modeDuring this sleep mode, all off-gassingOnce awakened from its sleep mode, the TU will remain onThis assumes, of course, thatThe WU can be activated by bridging the wrist units touch contacts one and twoWhile the WU will activate uponGEMINI Nitrox User Manual Version 001At turn-on, both the TU and WU complete self-diagnostic tests before displayingUpon completion, your computerExplanation of Page LayoutsAny WARNINGS or NOTES about that mode will be displayed on this page.At the completion of the Self-Diagnostic Mode, the GEMINI Nitrox enters the. Surface Mode. The Surface Mode has two displays: a Primary Display and an. Alternate Display. You may switch to the Alternate Display by rotating the wristThe Primary Display shows. DIVE number, time-to-FLY, TEMPerature, SURFace time, cylinder pressure, and. MAXimum DEPTH (of the last dive). The Alternate Display shows the last dives. BOTTOM time, and breathing parameter (BP), Primary BATtery voltage. Figure 2 shows the display with no residual nitrogen. Figure 4 shows the displayCylinder pressure. Altitude. Current SURFace TimeTEMPerature. Ean1. Primary BATtery voltage. Secondary BATtery Voltage. Blend oxygen percentageCurrent time to FLY. Average Breathing Parameter. Previous diveAltitude.
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cochran emc-20h manual
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cochran emc-20h manual
After completion of the Self-Diagnostic mode or after the Post Dive Interval following a dive, the EMC-20H enters the Surface Interval. This period has two screens, a Primary and an Alternate. To switch to the Alternate Screen just tap once firmly on the face of the unit. The Primary Screen displays, if applicable; current Surface Time, the previous dive s Maximum Depth, the previous dive s Bottom Time, Dive of Day number, current Time to Fly, Altitude and Temperature. The Alternate Screen displays the Current FO2 (default Blend) oxygen percentage, current calculated CNS and OTU values, and current battery voltage. Figure 2 shows the display with no residual Inert gas (a clean Dive). Figure 5 shows the display with residual Inert gas (a repetitive dive). Figure 3 shows the alternate screen without residual Inert gas, figure 6 with. The EMC-20H will not turn on if the altitude is greater than 4,900 meters or if the battery voltage is less than 2.0 volts, or a fault is detected during the self-test. As the EMC-20H first recognizes a turn-on command, it begins a Diagnostic function where many aspects of the system will be exercised and tested. This procedure takes about three seconds and an audible beep is issued each second as certain tests are successfully completed. During this time, all of the segments in the display are turned on so that the user can confirm their operability. Should a test indicate a malfunction or marginal test, the unit will turn back off again. The user should ensure that all of the display segments are on and operating correctly. 1 4 Surface Time starts at zero after a dive and begins counting minutes. If the computer shuts off and is turned on with Inert gas residual left, the Surface Time continues to count. If the computer shuts off and is turned on with no Inert gas residual left, the Surface Time will be zero. Dive of Day number starts at zero and increments after each dive regardless of the calendar day.
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If the Alarm the Post Dive Interval. TOUCH PROGRAMMING MODE: NOTE: To enable the Programming Mode, the EMC-20H must be on the Surface and not in the Post Dive Interval. In this mode Ascent Rate Responsiveness (0 to 7): This option determines the the EMC-20H will enter the Dive Mode at 2 feet instead of 5 feet and exit responsiveness or sensitivity of the Ascent Rate Bar Graph. Zero is the Dive Mode at 1 foot instead of 3 feet. This Limited limits for a Class B digital device. Please read and understand this entire manual and know the principles and practices of safe diving before using this device. During the Sleep Mode, all calculations continue but the display is off. This is a power saving feature of the EMC-20H. The unit will continue calculating Surface Interval, nitrogen off gassing as required, and any changes in altitude as it affects Inert gas Loading. The current Surface Interval and PreDive Predictions can be viewed by reactivating the unit MAIN EMC-20H OPERATING MODES: Surface Interval (No Inert gas Residual) Surface Interval (With Inert gas Residual) Dive Mode (Normal No Deco) Decompression Mode Post Dive Interval Touch Programming SURFACE INTERVAL: The Contacts are used to let the user command the unit to do a number of functions, communicate with a PC for extracting information or configuring the unit, and determining water conductivity. TURNING ON THE EMC-20H: Although the EMC-20H automatically turns on when it is submerged in water, it is STRONGLY recommended that wetting two fingers and simultaneously touching Contacts 1 and 2 for two seconds manually power the unit up. This allows the diver to ensure that the unit is operating correctly and has adequate battery capacity prior to entry. Once activated, the unit will remain on for 60 minutes. If a dive is not initiated within these 60 minutes, the EMC-20H automatically shuts off.
Both of these purposes require that the Temperature be very slow reacting, just like the Depth Transducer and the body. This slow-reacting Temperature is what is displayed. For Temperature effects on the body, the amount of compensation can be set from NORMAL to REDUCED with the Analyst PC software Interface (see Analyst Section), if the diver is using a good dry-suit in cold water. Temperature compensation starts at 75 degrees F and gets progressively more conservative as the temperature decreases. There is no compensation above 75 degrees F. Bottom Time will begin once the EMC-20H senses that the diver has descended below 1.5 meters (see Training Mode) and continues until the diver has ascended above 1 meter. The maximum Bottom Time displayed is 9 hours 59 minutes. ASCENT RATE BAR GRAPH: The Ascent Rate bar graph and alarms are active in both the Dive Mode and Decompression Mode. The five-segment bar graph is used to display the diver's rate of ascent. Via the Analyst PC Interface, the Ascent Rate Alarms and Bar Graph can be set to the users preferences. The first option is a VARIABLE-BY-DEPTH Ascent Rate. When on, the Ascent Rate Alarm is determined by depth. As the diver ascends to shallow depths, the Maximum Ascent Rate is lowered. The Maximum Ascent Rates and their associated depth are: 18 meters or deeper 18 meters per minute 18 to 9 meters meter per minute equal to depth Less than 9 meters 9 meters per minute If VARIABLE-BY-DEPTH is off, the Maximum Ascent Rate Alarm and Bar Graph is specified by the user and can be from 6 to 18 mpm, in onemeter increments. Another selection is the bar graph itself. The two selections are either FIXED or PROPORTIONAL. With FIXED, each of the five bars indicates an additional 3 meters per minute of Ascent Rate regardless of the Maximum Ascent Rate selected. With PROPORTIONAL, each of the five bars indicates 20% (one-fifth) of the selected Maximum Ascent Rate. For FIXED, the maximum ascent rate is 18 meters per minute.
When there is no remaining Inert gas residual, the Dive of Day is set to zero and the computer is referred to as a clean system. Time to Fly is displayed as the number of hours remaining until the inert gas residual reaches zero plus a twelve-hour safety factor. Flying is not recommended until Time to Fly reaches zero. Barometric Altitude is indicated in six ranges via the Ascent Rate Bar Graph as follows (Altitude compensation is seamless up to 4,900 meters above sea level). The six ranges are for display purposes only: The EMC-20H actually senses and computes extremely small altitude changes and hence, is called Seamless. The term Barometric Altitude is used instead of just Altitude because the EMC-20H measures Barometric Pressure to determine Altitude. What is important to the body when diving is Barometric Altitude DIVE MODE: 0 Bars sea level to 760 meters 1 Bar 760 to 1,520 meters 2 Bars 1,520 to 2,280 meters 3 Bars 2,280 to 3,040 meters 4 Bars 3,040 to 3,800 meters 5 Bars 3,800 to 4,900 meters Whether in the Surface Interval, PreDive Prediction Mode, Programming Mode or the Logbook Mode, the EMC-20H will automatically enter the Dive Mode whenever the unit determines that it is in water deeper than 1.5 meters. On the Primary Screen the Surface time will be replaced with the current calculated PO 2 value. Maximum Depth will be replaced with current Depth, displayed in.1-meter increments. Bottom Time will begin once the EMC-20H senses that the diver has descended below 1.5 meters and continues until the diver has ascended above one meter. The maximum Bottom Time displayed is 9 hours 59 minutes.By immediately ascending to a shallower depth, the diver may avoid a required decompression stop. Temperature is measured for two purposes. One is to compensate the Depth Transducer for Temperature variations. The other is to compensate the Inert gas algorithm for changes in Temperature that may affect the body.
However, when reviewing the profile with the Analyst, the time spent on the surface in this period will be shown. Should a no-decompression limit be overstayed, the EMC-20H will enter the Decompression Mode. In this mode, the Ceiling digits will display the depth at which the diver must stop and not ascend above during final ascent. The TEMP legend and two digits will be replaced with the CEIL legend and two digits. The Ceiling will start at 3 meters and increase in three-meter increments as the diver remains at a relatively deep depth. The Remaining No-decompression Time and NDC legend will be replaced with Decompression Time and DEC legend (Figure 16d). Both STOP time and TOTAL time are displayed in the upper left hand three digits of the screen in hours and minutes. STOP and TOTAL time will alternate at the rate of once every two seconds. In this way, the diver can view the time to spend at a particular STOP depth, and the TOTAL time it will take to complete all STOPS. Clearly, the larger of the two alternating numbers is the Total Decompression Time of all stops, and the smaller of the two numbers is the time required at the current stop. At the 3-meter stop, the TOTAL and STOP times may be the same and therefore appear to not alternate. When at a specific stop, the required decompression time at that stop is as shown, and will appear to count down as it is recomputed every second, based on the divers exact current depth. The Decompression times (both Stop and Total) are accurate only if the diver s depth is exactly the same as the required Ceiling. However, it is not necessary to be precisely at that specified Ceiling. Appropriate In-gassing or Outgassing will be computed regardless of the diver s current depth. A small margin shallower than the Ceiling also exists. Should a Ceiling be violated (diver is shallower than Ceiling), the WARNING legend will illuminate and flash along with the Depth and Ceiling digits.
With this setting, no bars will illuminate if a diver is ascending at a rate less than 3 meters per minute. The Alternate Screen will display the current FO 2 value that the unit is using in its NDC calculations, the current CNS and OTU values and the current battery voltage. (Figure 11) A Depth Alarm, which can be set to warn the diver should a certain depth be exceeded, is set at 40 meters from the factory. The Depth Alarm issues an audible alarm and the WARNING legend and Depth Digits will flash on and off for five seconds. The depth alarm is disabled in the Decompression Mode. The maximum depth achieved on the current dive is shown as MAX DEPTH. This is updated once per second. REMAIN TIME (NDC) is the remaining time (in hours and minutes) that the diver can stay at the current depth without requiring decompression. A Two Minute Warning will be issued when this time reaches two minutes or less. An audible alarm will be issued and the WARNING 2 If the diver has an Ascent Rate that exceeds the selected maximum, the entire Ascent Rate Bar Graph will flash, and the audible alarm will sound once per second, and the WARNING legend will illuminate. The sensitivity or responsiveness of the Ascent Rate may be selected via the Analyst, eight different levels of sensitivity are available. NOTE: Customizing the Ascent Rate and Ascent Rate Bar Graph are among many of the additional programmable features available when using the Analyst PC Interface. As shipped from the factory, the Ascent Rate is set for VARIABLE-BY- DEPTH AND PROPORTIONAL. 5 DECOMPRESSION MODE: POST DIVE INTERVAL: During the first ten minutes (or up to thirty minutes if the unit is in the Training Mode) after a dive, the EMC-20H is in the Post Dive Interval. Should another dive be commenced before the completion of the Post Dive Interval, that dive will be considered an extension of the previous dive. In this case, Bottom Time will NOT include the time spent on the surface in this Post Dive Interval.
When the alarm is activated the unit will issue a medley of all the audible warning tones that the EMC-20H utilizes and the TACLITE will flash for one minute, this audible alarm cannot be turned off, it will sound for the full one-minute period. NOTE: This Time of Day clock is the same clock that is used to time stamp dives. Modifying the Time of Day clock will affect the Local Time as viewed via the Analyst. The Date portion of the Local Time clock must be changed via the Analyst. This will cause the unit to display the CLoCk Alarm selection On or OFF. Once the next programming option is displayed the changes have been saved. 4 NOTE: Once the EMC-20H is placed in Clock Mode the unit will remain in that mode until exited by the diver. TOUCH PROGRAMMING MODE: NOTE: To enable the Programming Mode, the EMC-20H must be on the Surface and not in the Post Dive Interval. NOTE: All audible and visual alarms are suspended while the EMC- 20H is in the Programming Mode. Upon exiting the Programming Mode all alarms are reactivated. NOTE: Once a value has been changed and the next menu option selected, the new value is stored. NOTE: It is strongly recommended that the Programming Mode is activated again and a complete review of what was stored is accomplished. NOTE: If the EMC-20H is left in the Programming mode for five minutes without the contacts being touched, the unit will automatically exit the Programming Mode and return to the Surface Interval. Once this occurs the EMC-20H will retain the modified programmed settings that have been stored. Options that have not been modified will retain their previous settings. To begin the programming sequence: 1. Analyze the gas blend(s) using a calibrated Oxygen Analyzer. 2. Turn the unit on. 3. Using a coin or other conductive metal object, briefly bridge Contacts 1 and 2 until a short beep is heard and the Programming Menu is 7 seen on the display.
The Programming Menu options depend on whether the unit is activated for Clock, Trimix, the number of Gas Blends, and if the unit is in the PO2 or FO2 mode. The program option is displayed on the upper row of the display. This will cause the current setting to flash or in the case of multi-digit numbers, the least significant digit will flash. Once the next programming option is displayed the changes have been saved. All programming sequences use the same routine of using Contacts 1 and 2 to SELECT the next programming sequence and Contacts 2 and 3 to INCREMENT the specified value. PROGRAMMING MENU - SINGLE GAS FO2 TRIMIX The following table lists the various programming choices with their display identification and figure number. Identification Description Figure Page CLC Clock if enabled 40 4 PdP PreDive Prediction InF Misc. Information dep AL Depth Alarm, Max value is 125 meters Con Added Conservatism, Max allowed value is 50% O2 1 Oxygen percentage of Blend, Allowed value 5 to 99.9% 27H 14 H2 1 Helium Percentage of Blend Allowed value 0 to 95.0% 32H 14 TAc dl TACLITE On Time. Allowed value 00 to LOG Logbook 34a 15 TOUCH PROGRAMMING - INFORMATION DISPLAY: Programming Mode (InFormation Display Identifier) Current CNS Oxygen Toxicity (36 %). The information presented will depend on the configuration of the dive computer. The information in the upper right of screen indicates whether unit is in the Constant FO2 or PO2 Mode and the number of gas blends the unit is enabled for. The following table lists the identification and the description. Identifier Description F1 Single Blend FO2 TRIMIX, 5 to 99.9% F3 Three Blend FO2 TRIMIX, 5 to 99.9% 5 to 99.9% and 5 to 99.9% P1 P2 Single Blend PO2 TRIMIX, 0.5 to 1.5 ata Dual Blend PO2 TRIMIX, 0.5 to 1.5 ata and 0.5 to 1.5 ata Battery voltage is displayed in the lower center of the screen as a twodigit number with a decimal point.
An Audible alarm will sound once every two seconds. This warning will continue until the Depth has been corrected. Out-gassing will continue even though the diver is shallower than the Ceiling. There is no Gauge mode or Lockout on the EMC-20H. If the diver surfaces before satisfying his decompression obligation, the EMC-20H will continue to give out-gassing credit as if it were in a dive, but at a depth of zero meters and will satisfy the decompression time requirements of the required stops using an FO 2 of 21%. The unit will continue to log data and perform as if actually in a dive. When the decompression obligation is finally satisfied, the ten-minute PostDive Interval will begin. CONFINED WATER PROTOCOL (Training Mode): The EMC-20H is one of the first dive computers to offer an operating mode designed to record and store data from training dives. That is, dives performed in shallow water environments (swimming pools, shallow lakes, lagoons, etc.) or calm open water environments that have less than.3-meter seas. In the Training Mode, the EMC-20H enters the Dive Mode at a depth of.6 meters instead of 1.5 meters and will exit the Dive Mode at.3 meters instead of 1 meter. Also the Post Dive Surface Interval may be extended, via the Analyst from10 minutes up to a maximum of 30 minutes in 1- minute increments after which the dive data is stored in the computer's memory. These changes permit the Instructor to record the complete training session, including in-water surface periods, as a single dive. TACLITE: The EMC-20H is equipped with the TACLITE tactical lowlight fiber-optic backlighted display. The standard TACLITE color is night vision safe red, but it is also available in yellow for those individuals who have vision difficulties with the color red. The TACLITE can be activated on demand. To turn the TACLITE on, tap the face of the EMC-20H and the TACLITE will turn on for the preprogrammed number of seconds (1 to 98), then turn off.
By tapping the face again the TACLITE will turn on again. In this fashion the TACLITE can be kept on for as long as wanted. If 0 is entered, the TACLITE will never turn on. If 99 is entered; the TACLITE will stay on continuously and only turn off when the EMC-20H does. The number of seconds that the TACLITE stays on can be set via the Programming Mode or via the Analyst PC Interface, factory setting is 10 seconds. The TACLITE will turn off when the EMC-20H turns off. If the batteries get too low, the TACLITE will turn off and cannot be turned back on until fresh batteries are installed. CLOCK MODE: The Clock operating mode of the EMC-20H is NOT enabled when shipped from the factory. It can be enabled via the Analyst P.C. Interface or at an Authorized Cochran Dealer. NOTE: COCHRAN does not intend for this instrument to be used for deliberate Decompression diving. NOTE: Ensure that the EMC-20H is in the Dive Computer Mode before commencing a dive. Figures 40, 41a, 41b, 42 and 43 show how the Clock display screens appear. While all EMC-20H configurations share certain programming features others are dependent upon the specific configuration of the unit. Refer to the appropriate manual section for the relevant programming menu items. TOUCH PROGRAMMING - CLOCK: When the EMC-20H is placed into the Clock mode it will display the time of day in a 24 hour day format. The clock will continue to run when the EMC-20H is in the Dive Computer Mode. The EMC-20H can be placed into the Clock Mode from the Dive Computer Mode when the unit is in the Normal Surface Interval, while the unit is in Clock Mode the Dive Computer will be in the Sleep mode. The Clock Mode can be selected with or without an Alarm. If the Alarm option is selected the unit will display the alarm set time as well as the current time. When the alarm time is displayed the alarm is activated and at the programmed time the alarm will sound once every 24 hours.
If the unit is configured for Constant FO2 (Trimix) or Constant PO2, the screen will display the current CNS, OTU and battery voltage. The current CNS exposure level is displayed on the lower left as a two-digit number proceeded by a lower case c. The current OTU value is displayed on the lower right again as a two-digit number but preceded by a lower case o. Both the CNS and OTU values are expressed as percentages. Figure 24a displays a typical InFormation screen for a unit that is enabled for two Trimix blends. TOUCH PROGRAMMING - PREDIVE PREDICTION: TOUCH PROGRAMMING - DEPTH ALARM: The Depth Alarm allows the diver to select a maximum depth below which the diver does not wish to descend before an alarm is issued. This depth can be set from 0 to 125 meters in one-meter increments. PreDive Prediction is accessed via the Touch Contact Programming Menu. This enables the diver to view the PreDive Prediction information at the touch of the Contacts. The EMC-20H s PreDive Prediction starts at 9 meters and increases in 1 meter increments. PreDive Predictions will terminate when the No-Decompression (NDC) time prediction reaches two minutes or a maximum depth of 125 meters is reached. Once the maximum PreDive Prediction depth has been reached the unit will return to the Surface Interval. Refer to the Analyst for information about how to modify parameters. During the PreDive Prediction Mode, the unit will compute and display the maximum safe time and the calculated PO 2 value at that depth. TOUCH PROGRAMMING - CONSERVATISM: This programming function allows the diver to input an added degree of Conservatism into the EMC-20H s algorithm. Via Touch Programming the Conservatism can be set from 0 to 50%. 5 8 since it will cause the unit to exit the Logbook and return to the Surface Interval. WARNING! The EMC-20H Dive Computer and the Analyst Dive Planning Simulator software perform no checks for the viability of any gas mix.
It is the user's sole responsibility to verify the gas mixtures and dives are within acceptable limits considered safe. Information contained in the Logbook will include: Overall Dive Number Minimum NDC Time Fastest Rate of Ascent Minimum Water Temperature Bottom Time Surface Interval Before Dive Maximum Depth Ending Battery Voltage Maximum DEC Time (Deco Dive) Maximum Ceiling (Deco Dive) It is not necessary to exit the Logbook Mode prior to initiating a dive. Once the diver has descended below 1.5 meters, the EMC-20H will immediately enter the Dive Mode. NOTE: The overall Dive Number that is displayed on the Logbook Menu screen (Figure 34) permits the diver to identify the total number of dives made with that EMC-20H. If the logbook example shown is the most recent dive made, it can be readily identified that 235 dives have been made with this specific unit. TOUCH PROGRAMMING - TACLITE: The Taclite dwell (on) time can be set so that when the face on the EMC-20H is tapped the Taclite will stay on from 1 to 98 seconds. If the dwell time is programmed to 0 the Taclite will never come on, if programmed to 99 the Taclite will be on whenever the EMC-20H is awake. TOUCH PROGRAMMING - LOGBOOK MODE: The Logbook of the EMC-20H has two screens, a Primary Screen and an Alternate Screen. To switch to the Alternate Screen just tap firmly on the face of the unit. The Logbook is accessed via the Touch Contact Programming (see page 5). This enables the diver to view dive statistics; the EMC-20H has the ability to provide diving data for the most recent 1024 dives. The most recent dive will be displayed first. Figure 18a shows a Sensor Warning, in this case a Temperature Sensor, as it would be displayed in the Dive Mode. In general, if the WARNING legend is flashing, some other digits should be flashing to indicate the anomaly.
If the diver is ascending faster than the selected maximum ascent rate, then the top bar of the ascent bar graph will flash and the WARNING legend will illuminate. The unique high to low audible sweep alarm will continue to sound once per second until the situation is corrected. If the diver descends below the user set Depth Alarm, the Depth digits will flash. A single beep audible alarm will sound once per second for five seconds and will repeat every two minutes. The Depth alarm is not active in the Decompression Mode to avoid confusion with the Shallower Than Ceiling alarm. If the battery voltage goes below 2.5 volts, the BATT legend will illuminate, at 2.2 volts it will flash once per second. If the diver has less than two minutes of No-Decompression Time (NDC) remaining, the WARNING legend will illuminate and flash along with the Remaining NDC time digits. A single beep audible alarm will sound once per second for five seconds and repeat every two minutes. If the diver enters the Decompression Mode, a single beep audible alarm will sound once per second for five seconds. During a Decompression dive, if the Depth is less than the CEILING, the WARNING legend will illuminate and flash along with the Depth and Ceiling digits. A unique high to low audible sweep alarm will continue to sound once every two seconds until the situation is corrected. If the dive computer determines that either the Depth or Temperature sensor is malfunctioning. The WARNING legend will illuminate, the computer will also issue a 5-beep two-tone audible alarm once every two-minute to alert the diver to this condition. For High PO2, see OXYGEN TOXICITY FACTORS on page 7. For High CNS, see OXYGEN TOXICITY FACTORS on page 7. For High OTU, see OXYGEN TOXICITY FACTORS on page 7. If an audible alarm is being issued, the computer will not switch to the Alternate display nor will the TACLITE activate.
When the computer detects an error in one of the transducers, the diver is alerted to this condition by the illumination of the WARNING legend, and the computer will also issue a 5-beep two tone audible alarm once every two minute to alert the diver to this condition. The WARNING legend, along with either the Temperature digits or the Depth digits and the error code will flash once per second. In the 7 OXYGEN TOXICITY FACTORS: The EMC-20H has the ability to track Oxygen Toxicity levels for the Central Nervous System (CNS) as well as the Mission Oxygen Tolerance Units Dose (OTU). In addition, a maximum Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) warning alarm can also be set. While most other audible alarms of the dive computer consist of five long beeps, the CNS, OTU, and PO 2 have a distinctive audible alarm that consists of short double-beeps that sound once per second for five seconds. As long as one or more of these three parameters is outside its limits, the WARNING legend on the display will continue to flash and the audible alarm will be repeated once every two minutes. These three functions are not active if the TRIMIX capability is disabled via the Analyst PC Interface. PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN (PO2): High levels of PO 2 can cause severe Oxygen poisoning. Widely different levels of PO2 can affect individual divers. The user via the Analyst can set the PO 2 alarm to any level between 0.50 ATA and 1.59 ATA. As shipped from the factory, this is set to 1.40 ATA. Should the PO 2 be above the alarm set point, the WARNING legend will illuminate and the audible alarm will sound and the PO 2 value that is displayed will flash. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) TOXICITY: The user via the Analyst can set the CNS Toxicity alarm to any level between 40% and 80% of the maximum allowable limit. As shipped from the factory, this is set to 50%.
Should the CNS Toxicity reach 50% of the maximum allowable, the WARNING legend will illuminate and the audible alarm will sound and on the Alternate Screen the displayed CNS percentage will be flashing along with the WARNING legend. By the accepted definition of CNS toxicity, should a PO 2 value of greater than 1.6 ATA be measured; the CNS Toxicity will be 100%. During the Surface Interval, this percentage will decrease as the CNS declines toward zero. Whatever the current CNS Toxicity level, it can also be viewed on the Surface Interval Alternate Screen or on the InFormation screen in the Programming Mode. OXYGEN TOLERANCE UNITS (OTU): An issue with long term breathing of higher partial pressures of Oxygen above 0.5 ATA is Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity or sometimes called WHOLE BODY, which must be tracked properly. The EMC-20H will track the OTU based on Dr. Bill Hamilton s REPEX method of oxygen exposure management. The OTU Dose is an exponential function of oxygen partial pressure and time. The time-dependent limit varies with length of time (days) that the diver 10 continues to dive without full recovery to zero OTU. The Mission OTU Clock tracks the OTU, which is a running clock that tracks long-term Oxygen exposure. This clock may run for several weeks if frequent dives are made using high levels of PO 2. The current Mission Clock, CNS, and OTU can be seen via the Analyst PC interface or the current CNS and OTU values can be viewed on the Alternate Screen while in the Surface Interval, Dive Mode, Decompression Mode or Post Dive Interval. The current CNS and OTU values can also be viewed via the Touch Contact Programming mode by selecting the InFormation option. The recovery portion of the OTU algorithm is a linear reduction of OTU over time. The Mission OTU clock is reset to 0:00 when the OTU Dose reaches zero. The user via the Analyst can set the OTU Toxicity alarm to any level between 40% and 80% of the maximum allowable limit.
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